تركيز المحاليل.

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Presentation transcript:

تركيز المحاليل

سؤال للتفكير: كيف يذوب الماء ملح الطعام ؟؟

الرابطة الهيدروجينة مابين جزئيات الماء.. O H + - الرابطة الهيدروجينة مابين جزئيات الماء.. H O - + O H + - O H + - O H -

لاحظ طريقة احاطة الماء بايونات كلوريد الصوديوم .. لاحظ طريقة احاطة الماء بايونات كلوريد الصوديوم .. Na+ Cl-

الماء Na+ Cl-

تتوجه ذرة الاكسجين السالبة نحو ايون الصوديوم الموجب . الماء تتوجه ذرة الاكسجين السالبة نحو ايون الصوديوم الموجب . Na+ Cl-

الماء Na+ Cl-

الماء Na+ Cl-

تحيط ذرات الهيدروجين في الماء بايون الكلور . Na+ Cl-

طرق التعبير عن التركيز 1- النسبة المئوية بالكتلة 1- النسبة المئوية بالكتلة 2- النسبة المئوية بالحجم 3- المولاية 4- المولالية 5- الكسر المولي

طرق التعبير عن التركيز 100 X 1- النسبة المئوية بالكتلة جم كتلة المذاب 1- النسبة المئوية بالكتلة جم كتلة المذاب 100 X = كتلة المحلول جم

ماذا تشاهدين ؟؟ 20 gal. .

ماذا يحدث عند اضافة كمية زائدة من طعام الاسماك ؟؟ ماذا يحدث عند اضافة كمية زائدة من طعام الاسماك ؟؟ .

ماتعليقك !!! . . هل هذا المحلول مخفف او مركز ؟؟

مثال : للمحافظة على تركيز كلوريد الصوديوم في حوض الاسماك ، كما في ماء البحر ، يجب أن يحتوي حوض الاسماك على 3.6 g لكل 100 g ماء . ما النسبة المئوية بالكتلة لكلوريد الصوديوم في المحلول ؟؟ 3.6 g NaCl ماهو الحل ؟

طرق التعبير عن التركيز 100 X 2- النسبة المئوية بالحجم مل حجم المذاب = 2- النسبة المئوية بالحجم مل حجم المذاب 100 X = حجم المحلول مل

مثال : ما النسبة المئوية بالحجم للايثانول في محلول يحنوي على 35 ml إيثانول مذاب في 155 ml ماء ؟؟؟؟ ماهو الحل ؟

طرق التعبير عن التركيز المولارية M 3- المولارية ( التركيز المولاري ) عدد مولات المذاب (mol ) المولارية M = حجم المحلول (L) لتر

قانون المولارية ( التركيز المولاري ) M = عدد مولات المذاب حجم المحلول مثال :: يحتوي 100.5 ml من محلول حقن الوريد على 5.10 g من سكر الجلوكوز . ما مولارية هذا المحلول . اذا علمت ان الكتلة المولية للجلوكوز هي 180.16 g/mol ؟؟ 180.16 g C6H12O6 1 mole C6H12O6 5.10 g C6H12O6 X = 0.02 83 mole C6H12O6 1000 mL 1 Liter 100.5 mL X = 0.1005 L = 0.282 M

تحضير المحاليل القياسية

خطوات تحضير المحاليل القياسية من مادة صلبة Wash bottle علامة المعايرة كمة معلومة من المذاب Use a VOLUMETRIC FLASK to make a standard solution of known concentration Step 1> add the weighed amount of solute in the volumetric flask Step 2> add distilled water (about half of final volume) Step 3> cap volumetric flask, and shake to dissolve solute completely Step 4> add distilled water to volume marker (calibration mark) The solution process may be exothermic (release heat). This may cause the liquid to show a larger volume than is real. Allow the solution to return to ambient (room) temperature and check volume again.

تحضير المحاليل القياسية من مادة صلبة An aqueous solution consists of at least two components, the solvent (water) and the solute (the stuff dissolved in the water). Usually one wants to keep track of the amount of the solute dissolved in the solution. We call this the concentrations. One could do by keeping track of the concentration by determining the mass of each component, but it is usually easier to measure liquids by volume instead of mass. To do this measure called molarity is commonly used. Molarity (M) is defined as the number of moles of solute (n) divided by the volume (V) of the solution in liters. It is important to note that the molarity is defined as moles of solute per liter of solution, not moles of solute per liter of solvent. This is because when you add a substance, perhaps a salt, to some volume of water, the volume of the resulting solution will be different than the original volume in some unpredictable way. To get around this problem chemists commonly make up their solutions in volumetric flasks. These are flasks that have a long neck with an etched line indicating the volume. The solute (perhaps a salt) is added to the flask first and then water is added until the solution reaches the mark. The flasks have very good calibration so volumes are commonly known to at least four significant figures. http://www.chem.ucla.edu/~gchemlab/soln_conc_web.htm

الكتلة المولية هي معامل تحويل بين الكتلة و المول ..

تحضير المحاليل القياسية من مادة سائلة Solutions can be made using liquids or solids (or gases). To make a 5% solution v/v (volume to volume) This means to add 5 mL of solute in 95 mL of solvent. The total is 5 mL / 100 mL or 5%. For the diagram add 25 mL of liquid solute and add water to bring volume to 500 mL (about 475 mL water). SAFETY NOTE: Always add acid concentrate to water…never add water to concentrated acid. If you’ve seen what happens when water or ice crystals hit hot oil…a similar phenomenon occurs when water is added to concentrated acid. The addition of water to concentrated dissipates a large amount of heat. This heat rapidly boils the acid and causes it to spatter. If however, you start with a large volume of water and slowly add acid, the same amount of heat is generated. This time, the large volume of water is capable of absorbing the heat. The solution will not splatter.

ما تعليقك على الصورة ؟؟ http://www.phthalates.org/graphics/icon_people.jpg http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.phthalates.org/graphics/icon_people.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.phthalates.org/didyouknow/ppm.asp&h=262&w=316&sz=117&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=BW6jt7Ubr-q9KM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=117&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpart%2Bper%2Bmillion%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den http://www.plymouth.edu/wellness/footsteps.gif http://school.discoveryeducation.com/clipart/images/clock.gif تخيل نفسك مدير الملعب .. ماهي القرارت التى سوف تتخذينها للحد من هذا التزاحم ؟؟

تخفيف المحلول القياسي

التركيز = # of fish volume (L) 1 fish التركيز = 1 (L) التركيز = 1 “fishar” V = 1000 mL V = 1000 mL V = 5000 mL n = 2 fish n = 4 fish n = 20 fish التركيز = 2 “fishar” التركيز= 4 “fishar” التركيز = 4 “fishar”

التركيز = # of moles volume (L) V = 1000 mL V = 1000 mL V = 5000 mL التركيز = # of moles volume (L) V = 250 mL n = 8 moles [ ] = 32 molar V = 1000 mL V = 1000 mL V = 5000 mL n = 2 moles n = 4 moles n = 20 moles التركيز = 2 molar التركيز = 4 molar التركيز = 4 molar

يمكن تخفيف المحلول المركز بإضافة كمية من المذيب يمكن تخفيف المحلول المركز بإضافة كمية من المذيب . و نلاحظ ان عدد مولات المذاب لايتغير عند تخفيف المحلول المركز ..

تخفيف المحلول القياسي تركيز المحلول مقياسا يعبر عن كمية المذاب الذائبة في كمية محددة من المذيب اول المحلول.. Concentration of a solution describes the quantity of a solute that is contained in a particular quantity of solvent or solution Knowing the concentration of solutes is important in controlling the stoichiometry of reactant for reactions that occur in solution A concentrated solution contains a large amount of solute in a given amount of solution. A 10 mol/L solution would be called concentrated. A dilute solution contains a small amount of solute in a given amount of solution. A 0.01 mol/L solution would be called dilute. V1 = 1 L M1 = 3 M V2 = 6 L M2 = 0.5 M M1V1 = 3 mol M2V2 = 3 mol

معادلة التخفيف

كيف يمكن تحضير محلول مخفف ؟ remove sample مولات المذاب المحلول الابتدائي نفس عدد المولات في الحجم الكبير خلط كيف يمكن تحضير محلول مخفف ؟ محلول مخفف

طريقة التخفيف علامة ماصة مذيب علامة محلول مخفف A solution of a desired concentration can be prepared by diluting a small volume of a more-concentrated solution, a stock solution, with additional solvent. – Calculate the number of moles of solute desired in the final volume of the more-dilute solution and then calculate the volume of the stock solution that contains the amount of solute. – Diluting a given quantity of stock solution with solvent does not change the number of moles of solute present. – The relationship between the volume and concentration of the stock solution and the volume and concentration of the desired diluted solution is (Vs) (M s) = moles of solute = (Vd) (M d). محلول الاصلي محلول مخفف Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

تخفيف المحلول القياسي يمكن تخفيف المحلول المركز بإضافة كمية من المذيب . و نلاحظ ان عدد مولات المذاب لايتغير عند تخفيف المحلول المركز ..

تخفيف المحلول القياسي ما هو الحجم المطلوب منHNO3 15.8M لتحضير 250 مل من محلول 6M؟ المعطيات : M1 = 15.8M V1 = ? M2 = 6.0M V2 = 250 mL الحل M1 V1 = M2 V2 (15.8M) V1 = (6.0M)(250mL) V1 = 95 mL of 15.8M HNO3

طرق التعبير عن التركيز 4-المولالية MOLALITY, m عدد مولات المذاب كتلة المذيب Kg افتحي الكتاب ص 20

افتح الكتاب ص 20 (السؤال رقم 27) افتح الكتاب ص 20 (السؤال رقم 27) استخدام استراتيجية (1،2،4) وهي ان يحلون الطلاب المسالة في مجموعة صغيرة غير متجانسة ( اربعة طلاب ) بحيث يقوم أحد الطلاب بشرحها و توضيح خطوات حلها مع مشاركة من بقية الطلاب بطرح الأسئلة ..

طرق التعبير عن التركيز 5-الكسر المولي nA XA= عدد مولات المادة A و المادة B nA + nB الكسر المولي للمادة A

افتح الكتاب ص 21 (السؤال رقم 29) افتح الكتاب ص 21 (السؤال رقم 29) استخدام استراتيجية (1،2،4) وهي ان يحلون الطلاب المسالة في مجموعة صغيرة غير متجانسة ( اربعة طلاب ) بحيث يقوم أحد الطلاب بشرحها و توضيح خطوات حلها مع مشاركة من بقية الطلاب بطرح الأسئلة ..