The Civil Rights Movement Herman Talmadge - Part of the “______ Governors Episode” - Elected Governor in 1948 and 1950 - Well known for education improvements: established grades 1-________ ______ - month school year various school improvements - Served in U.S. Senate 1956-1981

Benjamin Mays Civil Rights ______________ Well known for his work while he served on the Atlanta Board of _________________________ President of Morehouse College Important mentor to ___________ and steers him to study Gandhi (key to MLK’s non-violent approach to the movement)

End of the White Primary (1945) White primaries – only allowed ___________ to vote in primary elections in GA African Americans protested white primaries Ended in ____________, Supreme Court determined it was unconstitutional in the King v. Chapman case. Governor Ellis _________________, did not fight the ruling and the white primary ended in Georgia.

Plessy V Fergusson -____________ – Homer Plessy targets Louisiana law causing segregation on rail cars -Ultimately, the U.S. Supreme Court decides against Plessy stating “Separate but equal is ___________” -Clears the way for ________________________ to allow segregation for almost 60 years until Brown v Board – A new precedent

Brown v Board of Education - 1954 ends segregation in ___________________ - Really marks the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement - ______________________ precedent of Plessy v Fergusson - U.S. Supreme court decision in this case moves beyond the classroom to virtually all areas of segregation - ____________________ Public Schools were the first system in GA to integrate in 1961 (took 10 more years for all systems in GA to integrate) Brown v Board of Education

Martin Luther King Jr. - Iconic Civil Rights Leader - Non-violent approach modeled after ___________ & Mendela - Led Montgomery Bus Boycott (1954) - “I Have a ____________” speech at the March on Washington - Assassinated, April 1968

1956 GA State Flag Georgia legislature were unhappy with the ___________________ regulations on _______________________________________, so they changed the state flag in protest. Though the design of the pre-1956 flag was based on the first flag of the Confederate States of America, the 1956 flag was changed to include the Confederate _________________ flag, a flag that had been adopted by “hate groups” such as the KKK.

Confederate States 1955 2001-2003 1956 2003

Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) - Represents the ‘_______________’ movement of the Civil Rights era -Many ____________ students -Sit-ins; protests; _________________________

U.S. Supreme Court: 1954 Brown v Board The Sibley Commission U.S. Supreme Court: 1954 Brown v Board Georgia: “Massive Resistance” -spend more on ‘black’ schools -laws to abolish public schools if needed / support private schools -sought to force federal gov’t To change its position U.S. Supreme Court: -Updates Brown -1955 “with all deliberate speed” 1960 Georgia: Sibley Commission -led by segregationist -sought ways to work around federal rules and regulations -stall tactic -realized the importance of public schools U.S. Government: -1964 Civil Rights Act (withhold money if de-segregation not followed) 1961 Georgia: -UGA integrated (Charlayne Gault/Hamilton Holmes) -Atlanta schools begin -eventually other systems follow KEY CIVIL RIGHTS ERA LESSON: -The COMBINATION of direct action (marches, sit ins) with FEDERAL GOVERNMENT support via judicial and legislative support equaled success

Charlayne Hunter Hamilton Holmes - One of first African-Americans at ___________ - _____________________ Hamilton Holmes -One of first African Americans to attend UGA -_____________________ -Involved with Atlanta School System They began classes at UGA on January 6, _________

Albany Movement -1961, Albany, Georgia -SNCC and NAACP begin protests to de-segregate ‘whites only’ waiting rooms at the _________________________ -Movement quickly grows with broad-ranging efforts to de-segregate all facets of the _______________ -Movement failed since the police used non-violent tactics and jailed all participants it didn’t gain national attention -Sometimes viewed as an MLK _________________ due to lack of focus -Another view is that MLK learned valuable _________________ in Albany and applied them elsewhere

March on Washington -The March on Washington for ___________ and ____________ -August 28, 1963 -Attended by some _______________ people -Largest ____________________ ever seen in the nation's capital, and one of the first to have extensive television coverage -JFK not too excited about this protest

Civil Rights Act of 1964 Passed after JFK was assassinated Federal ___________ that makes segregation of public facilities _________________ (restaurants, theaters, parks, hotels, etc.) Prohibits discrimination in _______________________ Key example of the Federal Government taking action to force states into action

The Voting Rights Act of 1965: Prohibited states from imposing any voting qualification on ____________ or deny the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of _______________ or color.

Maynard Jackson First African American _______________ of Atlanta Jackson served as mayor of Atlanta from 1973-1981 and again from 1990-1994 Hartsfield-Jackson ______________________ named in his honor

Lester Maddox Last overtly ______________________ Governor in the state’s history. Elected Governor in 1966; Lieutenant Governor during Carter Chased patrons from his Atlanta restaurant with an axe handle (true) Ironically he _____________________ more African-Americans to state boards and commissions than all prior governors combined Reformed _______________________ and integrated State _______________

Andrew Young - Atlanta ___________ (1981-89) - U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations during Carter Era - Involved in Atlanta Committee on the ____________________ Games (ACOG) - U.S. Congressman (1972-79) - Civil Rights Leader (with _______________ when he was assassinated)