Note Final Exam-please check final schedule

Nutrition 2106-Winter 2019- Principles of Nutrition in Metabolism Note Nutrition 2106-Winter 2019- Principles of Nutrition in Metabolism Nutrition 2104-Introduction to Nutrition-Fall 2018 Nutrition 2107- Introduction to Sports Nutrition-Winter 2019

Elementary Chemistry and Biology of Nutrition Lecture 19- 19 March 2018   Elementary Chemistry and Biology of Nutrition

Introduction   Nutrition can completely prevent or completely cure, partially prevent or partially cure disease

Completely prevent   Example-Diseases arising from nutritional deficiency eg blindness and vitamin A Same could be said for toxicity- never take toxic amounts of a nutrient eg calories from any source re: obesity

Completely cure   Example-Diseases arising from nutritional deficiency eg blindness and vitamin A deficiency Same could be said for for toxicity- eliminate consumption of toxic amounts of a nutrient- eg iron

Partially prevent   Example-atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, cancer -partially because of genetic factors

Partially cure   Example-atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes -partially because of genetic factors

Atherosclerosis Pathology Plugging of arterial wall with cholesterol and platelets

Atherosclerosis Pathology Lipoproteins High density lipoprotein (HDL) -pulls cholesterol out of arterial wall   Low density lipoprotein (LDL) -pumps cholesterol into arterial wall most of cholesterol in the blood is on LDL this is why increased levels of cholesterol in the blood are a concern- ie as blood cholesterol goes up so does LDLc

Atherosclerosis Pathology triglycerides are also a concern as blood triglyceride increases, HDLc goes down and LDL becomes more aggressive in putting cholesterol into the arterial wall   so there is a constant competition between HDL and LDL to control levels of cholesterol in the arterial wall

Atherosclerosis Pathology Platelets   Cells in blood that are part of the clotting process As blood cholesterol goes up platelets become more active ie stick together more easily This platelet stickiness causes plugged arteries

Atherosclerosis-Nutritionally Can slow or partially reverse atherosclerotic process   Diet -eating in accordance with Canada’s Food Guide -keep fat calories percentage of total calories to equal to or less than 30 % and saturated fats calories to equal to or less than 10 % of total calories These dietary measures keeps a good ratio between HDL and LDL and cholesterol and keeps triglycerides and platelet function at normal levels

Atherosclerosis Nutritionally Functional foods – eg fish and flax- these keep a good ratio between HDL and LDL and keep cholesterol and triglycerides and platelet function at normal levels   Nutraceuticals- eg flax oil and fish oil- these keep a good ratio between HDL and LDL and keep cholesterol and triglycerides and platelet function at normal levels

Type 2 diabetes  Pathology Metabolic syndrome-precursor to type 2 diabetes Obesity- body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) equal to or greater than 30   Increased blood pressure (>140/90) Dyslipidemia- low HDLc, increased triglycerides, aggressive LDL Increasing platelet clumping

Metabolic syndrome continued Type 2 diabetes Pathology Metabolic syndrome continued Decreased insulin sensitivity-may result from trouble with the interaction between the insulin and its receptors on the cells obtaining glucose via the action of insulin and/or decreased insulin sensitivity can result from inefficient intracellular signalling arising after the binding of insulin to its receptor- this inefficient intracellular signalling can also result in decreased glucose uptake into the cells obtaining glucose via the action of insulin  

Type 2 diabetes Pathology Reduced insulin sensitivity is the starting point for type 2 diabetes All of the features listed for metabolic syndrome can be part of post-onset type 2 diabetes  

Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 diabetes Nutritionally-pre- and post-onset   Diet-Follow that stated above in terms of diet for atherosclerosis Additionally this controls weight, blood pressure, plasma lipid levels, platelet aggregation levels and increases insulin sensitivity

Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Functional foods-pre- and post-onset Canola and fish Can partially alleviate   Leading edge research- flax seed

Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 diabetes Nutraceuticals Canola oil, fish oil