Population Structure

Presentation Outline Introduction Proportionate age distributions Population Pyramids Sex Ratios Demographic Pressure

Introduction Age-structure of a population refers to size, age/sex composition and distribution of the population Population structure reflects: the long-term trends of fertility and mortality Short-term impacts of war, migration and epidemics

Introduction (cnt’d) The age structure of a population affects a nation’s key socio-economic issues e.g. countries with young population would need to invest more in schools, create more jobs in future Countries with high proportion of the aged (65+) need to invest more in health sector and social security

Key issues of a population structure Proportionate age distributions Population pyramid. Sex ratios (males per 100 females) can also reflect a country’s population distribution Dependency ratios

Proportionate Age Distributions Refer to disaggregation of population characteristics by age Proportionate age distribution can be calculated for: Total population Male population Female population Other characteristics include education, occupation, marital status religion, socio-economic status, ethnicity

Proportionate Age Distributions Sex: Males and Females separately. The total population Marital status for persons 15+ (married, never married, widowed, divorced/separated) ethnicity, for example African, European, mixed race, Asiatic, etc Can be calculated for:

Female Population (15+ Yrs) by Age Group and Marital Status Never Married Married Divorced/ separated Widowed Not Stated Total 15 - 19 61.2 6.5 4.4 0.1 43.7 17.4 20 - 24 21.3 17.6 15.0 0.7 9.7 15.9 25 - 29 8.2 19.9 19.2 2.0 4.6 30 - 34 3.6 15.7 16.9 4.2 3.5 11.7 35 - 39 11.9 13.1 6.9 1.9 9.2 40 - 44 1.2 7.5 8.9 8.0 1.6 6.3 45 - 49 5.2 5.9 7.8 1.1 50 - 54 0.6 5.5 5.6 11.4 55 - 59 0.4 3.8 3.9 10.7 1.3 4.0 60 - 64 0.3 2.6 2.7 10.8 1.4 3.2 65 - 69 0.2 1.7 9.1 2.3 70 - 74 1.0 8.8 1.8 75 + 18.9 NS 23.6 100 Number 867 479 2 396 466 266 951 528 738 29 923 4 089 557 Source: ZIMSTAT, 2012

Male Population (15+ Years) by Age Group and Marital Status Never Married Divorced/ separated Widowed Total Number 15 - 19 95.2 1.9 0.2 2.7 100 699 232 20 24 71.7 26.3 1.3 0.1 0.7 543 466 25 29 31.5 64.9 3.0 0.3 519 834 30 34 12.5 82.7 3.9 443 539 35 39 6.2 88.4 362 497 40 44 4.2 89.6 3.8 2.2 268 460 45 49 3.6 89.0 3.4 161 257 50 54 88.6 3.7 4.5 139 101 55 59 2.1 3.1 5.0 120 777 60 64 2.0 88.3 6.5 96 779 65 69 1.7 86.9 8.2 73 055 70 74 1.8 84.1 2.9 10.9 10 62 230 75 + 77.0 2.8 18.0 0.4 96 640 Not stated

Proportionate Age Distribution (cnt’d) Apart from 5-year age groups, proportionate age distribution can be used for broad age groups such as: child population (0-14 years), Youth population (15-24), (15-34), etc Women of child bearing age (15-49) Economically active (15-64) Elderly (65+ years) etc

Population Pyramids Distribution of a population by age and sex, using a 5 year interval. Studies the age-sex structure of a country Shows the effects of fertility, mortality and migration Bars show the contribution of each age group

Population Pyramids Males are on left side Females on right side Young persons at the bottom The elderly are at the top

Population Pyramids The age groups can be divided into 3 categories: Young Dependent (0-14 years) Working Population (15-64 years) Elderly Dependent (65+ years) Percentages determine current reproductive status Also point to the expected future Shape reflects birth, deaths or migration patterns Numbers or percentages can be used to show the distribution of the population

Comparing LEDC & MEDC

Types of Pyramids

Expansive Population Pyramids ( broad based) Characteristics: Has a young and growing population Pyramid shaped Broad base Narrow top Larger proportion of the population in younger age cohorts Each age cohort is smaller than the one below it

Expansive Population Pyramids ( broad based) Indicates: high percentage of young population High proportion of the dependent population Rapid population growth due to high fertility lower than average life expectancies Expect low standard of living High chances of overpopulation Narrow top reflects high mortality Typically representative of developing nations

Expansive Population Pyramids ( broad based) Countries have to plan for: Increased food production Building more accommodation Building more schools Strengthened health care more jobs in future birth control campaigns

Population Pyramids Source: ZIMSTAT, 2012

Developing Nation Pyramid: Kenya: https://www.livepopulation.com/country/canada.html

Constrictive Pyramid Describe populations that are elderly and shrinking Graphs tappers in at the bottom Smaller percentage of the young population Slow population growth

Constrictive Pyramid China Population Pyramid - 2017 Characteristics High proportion of working population Look like beehive A moderate/ smaller proportion of young to old population Typical of countries with high levels of social and economic development

China Population Pyramid (2017) https://www.livepopulation.com/country/china.html

Stationary (Rectangular) Population Pyramid ***Indicates: High survivorship Low fertility Stable structure, all age groups are equally abundant tapers off toward the top

Stationary (Rectangular) Population Pyramid Canada 2017 Characteristics Zero population growth Have a rectangular shape Characteristic of developed nations Overall quality of life is high

Stationary (Rectangular) Population Pyramid (cnt’d) Implications Plan for retirement packages Proper health care services for the elderly Plan for incentives for more births Plan to hire foreign labour

What has happened in Qatar?

Sex Ratio = Number of males x 100 Sex ratios -the proportional distribution of the sexes in a population aggregate, expressed as the number of males per 100 females -The sex ratio is usually affected by fertility, mortality and migration Sex Ratio = Number of males x 100 Number of females Sex Ratio < 100 means more females Sex Ratio > 100 means more males Sex ratio at birth ranges between 104 and 110 It can be calculated for different age-groups

Sex ratios Source: ZIMSTAT, 2012

Demographic Pressure There are three types of dependency ratios, Child (0-14 years) Elderly/ Old age (65 years and above) Age dependency ratio (child and old age dependency combined).

(Elderly) Old Age Dependency Ratio number of persons 65 years and above per 100 persons age 15-64 years. Measures the ratio of the aged to the potential working population. A high ratio means those of working age have a greater burden in supporting the aging population. The old age dependency ratio for the Zimbabwe in 2014 was 9 dependents per 100 persons in the age group 15-64 years (LFCLF, 2014).

(Elderly) Old Age Dependency Ratio Population age 65 years and above x 100 Population (15-64 years)

Child Dependency Ratio Number of children under 15 years per 100 adults in the ages 15-64 years. It is used to measure the ratio of the young children to the potential working population. This dependency ratio was 79 dependents per 100 persons in the age group 15-64 years for Zimbabwe in 2014 (LFCLS, 2014).

Child Dependency Ratio population under 15yrs x 100 population (Ages 15-64)

(Total) Age dependency ratio It refers to the number of persons who are under 15 years of age plus persons 65 years and above, per 100 persons in the 15-64 years age group. This is used to measure the ratio of the young children and the aged to the potential working population. When this dependency ratio is high, it shows that there is a high dependency burden for that particular population. The age dependency ratio for Zimbabwe in 2014 was high, at 88 dependents per 100 persons in the age group 15-64 years.

Calculation Number of Dependency (under 15 plus 65 and above) x 100 Working age population (15-64 years)

Effects of High Dependency Ratios civil conflicts poverty rates Unemployment rates Worsening natural resources shortages, e.g. water Unmet need for family planning NB: Balanced age structures increase the chances for peace and prosperity in the parts of the world that most need it.

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