An Emerging World Power and World War One US History Unit #11 – Chapters 18 & 19

Extractive Economics / Alfred t. Mahan Extractive Economics – System in which an imperial country removes raw materials from a colony; During the age of Imperialism European powers and the United States competed for control of territory in order to exploit natural resources. Alfred T. Mahan – Military historian & U.S. Naval Officer who argued that great nations owed their greatness to powerful navies & called for the United States to build a modern fleet & acquire foreign bases where American ships could refuel. Due to Mahan’s influence, by 1900 the U.S. had the 3rd largest navy in the world. Closure Question #1: If you had been President in 1894, would you have supported or opposed the annexation of Hawaii? Give reasons for your answer. (At least 1 complete sentence)

Matthew Perry / Queen Liliuokalani Matthew Perry – American Naval Commodore who, in 1853, sailed a fleet of steam-powered warships into Tokyo Bay, Japan and negotiated a treaty opening trade between the United States and Japan. Queen Liliuokalani – Hawaiian ruler from 1891 to 1893; Liliuokalani abolished previous treaties in an attempt to remove American influence from her kingdom. American planters on the islands responded by dethroning the queen in 1893, paving the way for annexation of Hawaii by the United States in 1898. Closure Question #1: If you had been President in 1894, would you have supported or opposed the annexation of Hawaii? Give reasons for your answer. (At least 1 complete sentence)

Jose’ Marti Cuban patriot who launched a war for independence of Cuba from Spain in 1895; Many Americans favored the Cubans because of the similarities between the Cuban and American Revolutions, the brutality of the Spanish towards native Cubans, and the loss of American property in Cuba as a result of the conflict. Closure Question #2: Do you think the United States would have gone to war with Spain without the explosion of the Maine? Why or Why not? (At least 1 sentence)

William Randolph Hearst / Yellow Press / Jingoism Hearst – American newspaper publisher who, along with rival publisher Joseph Pulitzer, heightened America’s dislike of the Spanish the use of Yellow Press; Exaggerating Spanish atrocities by pasting sensational headlines and pictures on the front page of newspapers. Jingoism – Aggressive nationalism; a private letter written by Spain’s ambassador to the United States, which was stolen and leaked by Cuban revolutionaries in February 1898, led to an increase in jingoism in the United States. In the letter, the ambassador called McKinley “a weak and stupid politician”. Closure Question #2: Do you think the United States would have gone to war with Spain without the explosion of the Maine? Why or Why not? (At least 1 sentence)

George Dewey / Emilio Aguinaldo George Dewey – U.S. Naval Commodore in command of the Pacific Fleet in 1898; Dewey surprised the Spanish in the Philippines on May 1st, 1898, destroying the Spanish fleet and 400 Spanish sailors without losing a single American life. Emilio Aguinaldo – Filipino revolutionary leader who, like Jose’ Marti, led the fight for Independence from Spain with the support of the U.S.; however, when the U.S. stationed troops in the Philippines after the war, Aguinaldo organized a rebellion against U.S. rule. In the fight that followed, 200,000 Filipinos and 5,000 Americans were killed, and Aguinaldo was captured in 1901.

Rough Riders / Battle of San Juan Hill Rough Riders – American cavalry unit organized and commanded by Theodore Roosevelt in the Spanish-American War; made of rugged westerners and upper-class easterners, the riders gained fame for their role in the Battle of San Juan Hill on July 1st, 1898. In the battle, Roosevelt & the Rough Riders led the charge up the hill, driving the Spanish out and leading the Spanish in Cuba to surrender on July 3rd. Closure Question #3: What were the principal issues dividing imperialists and anti-imperialists? (At least 2 sentences)

Treaty of Paris Agreement officially ending the Spanish-American War which was signed in December, 1898; Spain gave control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Pacific island of Guam to the United States & sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million. Closure Question #3: What were the principal issues dividing imperialists and anti-imperialists? (At least 2 sentences)

Closure Assignment #1 Based on the material covered from Chapter 18, Sections 1 & 2, answer the following three questions in Box #5 of your closure sheet: If you had been President in 1894, would you have supported or opposed the annexation of Hawaii? Give reasons for your answer. (At least 1 complete sentence) Do you think the United States would have gone to war with Spain without the explosion of the Maine? Why or Why not? (At least 1 sentence) What were the principal issues dividing imperialists and anti-imperialists? (At least 2 sentences)

Insurrection / Guerrilla Warfare Insurrection – Rebellion; As a result of U.S. occupation of the Philippines, Emilio Aguinaldo organized a Filipino insurrection against the United States which lasted until shortly after his capture in 1901. Guerrilla Warfare – Non-traditional warfare generally involving small bands of fighters attacking unexpectedly; the Filipino insurgency’s use of Guerrilla tactics, U.S. troops gathered civilians into concentration camps and followed a “take no prisoners” policy in combat. 200,000 Filipinos were killed in the conflict, in which the U.S. spent $400 million and sent more than 100,000 troops to fight. Closure Question #1: Based on what you have learned, what role do you think racial attitudes played in U.S. policy in the Philippines? (At least 1 sentence)

William Howard Taft Republican President of the United from 1909 to 1913; In 1901, Taft served as governor of the Philippines and helped the island recover from rebellion by extending limited self-rule and ordering the construction of schools, roads, and bridges. His efforts, combined with those of anti-Imperialists at home, led Congress to pass the Jones Act in 1916, which pledged that the Philippines would be given independence. Closure Question #1: Based on what you have learned, what role do you think racial attitudes played in U.S. policy in the Philippines? (At least 1 sentence)

Spheres of Influence / John Hay Spheres of Influence – Distinct regions in under-developed parts of the world over which imperialist nations have control; circa 1900, the empire of China collapsed, leading European nations & Japan to establish spheres of influence throughout the country. John Hay – U.S. Secretary of State from 1898 to 1905; Hay sent a series of notes to European imperialist nations advising them that the United States expected to have an equal opportunity for trade in China, even though it did not have its own sphere of influence. This warning hinted at possible U.S. military intervention in Asia. Closure Question #2: Identify two threats to U.S. interests in China, and describe how the U.S. government responded to those threats. (At least 2 sentences)

Boxer Rebellion / Open Door Policy Boxer Rebellion –In May 1900, the Boxers (nickname for Chinese nationalists) killed foreign missionaries and besieged foreign diplomats in Beijing. A multinational force of 20,000 soldiers, including 2,000 Americans, united to defeat the Boxers. Chinese nationalists remained hostile to outsiders and, in 1911, overthrew the emperor to establish a new Chinese government. Open Door Policy – U.S. policy towards China introduced by John Hay; the U.S. advised imperialist nations in China that a) the U.S. had no interest in establishing a colony in China, but b) the U.S. did want free trade to take place in China. Closure Question #2: Identify two threats to U.S. interests in China, and describe how the U.S. government responded to those threats. (At least 2 sentences)

Russo-Japanese War / Gentleman’s Agreement Russo-Japanese War – (1904-1905) Japan destroyed Russia’s pacific fleet in northern China without officially declaring war, then sent ground troops to drive Russia out of Manchuria (northern China), causing more than 100,000 casualties. In 1905 President Theodore Roosevelt facilitated negotiations between Russia and Japan to end the conflict. Roosevelt was given the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts. Gentleman's Agreement – Treaty between the United States and Japan negotiated by Theodore Roosevelt; the U.S. agreed to end its segregation of Asian students in the United States while Japan agreed to limit emigration to the U.S.A. Closure Question #3: How do President Roosevelt’s actions toward Japan illustrate the use of diplomacy and compromise? (At least 1 sentence)

Great White Fleet A new armada of 16 white battleships built thanks to the political persuasion of Theodore Roosevelt; In 1907 Roosevelt sent the fleet on a “good will cruise” around the world to demonstrate America’s increased military power to the world. Closure Question #3: How do President Roosevelt’s actions toward Japan illustrate the use of diplomacy and compromise? (At least 1 sentence)

Closure Assignment #2 Based on the material covered from Chapter 18, Section 3, answer the following three questions in Box #6 of your closure sheet: Based on what you have learned, what role do you think racial attitudes played in U.S. policy in the Philippines? (At least 1 sentence) Identify two threats to U.S. interests in China, and describe how the U.S. government responded to those threats. (At least 2 sentences) How do President Roosevelt’s actions toward Japan illustrate the use of diplomacy and compromise? (At least 1 sentence)

Foraker Act / Platt Amendment Foraker Act – Passed by Congress in 1900, the act established a civil government in Puerto Rico & authorized the President to appoint a governor and part of the Puerto Rican legislature. Despite this, Puerto Ricans were not granted American citizenship. Platt Amendment – Addition to the Cuban Constitution in 1902. Pressured by the U.S. government, Cubans accepted the following restrictions to their independence: a) Cuba could not sign a treaty with any other country without American approval b) Cuba would lease naval stations to the United States (Guantanamo Bay) c) The U.S. had the right to “intervene” to preserve order in Cuba Closure Question #1: How do the Platt Amendment and the Roosevelt Corollary reflect similar assumptions about the governments of Latin American nations? (At least 1 sentence)

“Big Stick” Diplomacy / Roosevelt Corollary “Big Stick” Diplomacy – Theodore Roosevelt’s policy on U.S. involvement in Latin America; Roosevelt believed that by building up the military the United States could influence Latin American governments cooperate with American objectives. Roosevelt Corollary – Updating the Monroe Doctrine, Roosevelt argued that in the case of “chronic wrongdoing” by a Latin American nation the U.S. would assume the role of police power to restore order & keep other nations from intervening. Closure Question #1: How do the Platt Amendment and the Roosevelt Corollary reflect similar assumptions about the governments of Latin American nations? (At least 1 sentence)

Panama Canal Waterway dug in Central America to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; the U.S. supervised construction of the canal, which was completed in 1914, after instigating a rebellion in Panama, which had been a province of Colombia. The new Panamanian nation then sold the rights to the canal to the U.S., allowing America to gain profit from the shipping companies who paid to use the canal. Closure Question #2: What impact did the building of the Panama Canal have on American trade? (At least 1 sentence)

Dollar Diplomacy / Moral Diplomacy Dollar Diplomacy – Foreign policy of President Taft; the U.S. invested in plantations, mines, oil wells, railways and other ventures in Central America and the Caribbean as a means to persuade Latin American countries to support American policies. Moral Diplomacy – Foreign policy of President Wilson; Wilson promised that the U.S. would not seek any more territory by conquest, but instead would work to promote human rights to create a feeling of friendship between Latin America and the U.S.

Francisco “Pancho” Villa Angered by American involvement in Mexican government, Villa led an attack on Columbus, New Mexico in 1916, killing 18 Americans. 10,000 U.S. soldiers were sent into Mexico to capture Villa, but were unable to capture Villa before the hunt was called off due to U.S. involvement in World War 1. Closure Question #3: Do you think Woodrow Wilson succeeded in carrying out the principle of “moral diplomacy” in Latin America? Explain. (At least 1 sentence)

Closure Assignment #3 Based on the material covered from Chapter 18, Section 4, answer the following three questions in Box #6 of your closure sheet: How do the Platt Amendment and the Roosevelt Corollary reflect similar assumptions about the governments of Latin American nations? (At least 1 sentence) What impact did the building of the Panama Canal have on American trade? (At least 1 sentence) Do you think Woodrow Wilson succeeded in carrying out the principle of “moral diplomacy” in Latin America? Explain. (At least 1 sentence)