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Presentation transcript:

OPEC

3. OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)* 12 today a. Formed in 1960: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela b. Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, United Arab Emirates

C. The Cold War in Africa 1.Congo a. A former Belgian colony, independence 1960 i. Renamed Zaire ii. Civil War: Communist v. anti-communists

Angola

a. Former Portuguese colony, independence 1975 i.Civil war: 2. Angola a. Former Portuguese colony, independence 1975 i.Civil war: Communists v. anti-communists Support of USSR support of US & South Cuba Africa

D. The Cold War in Latin America 1. Cuba: a. Independence from Spain 1898 b. Ally of US

c. 1959: Fidel Castro*seized power 1. Communist dictatorship 2. Support of USSR 3. Bay of Pigs fiasco 1961 4. Cuban missile crisis October1962: =almost WWIII

A. Compromise: USSR agreed to remove nukes from Cuba & U. S A. Compromise: USSR agreed to remove nukes from Cuba & U.S. agreed to remove nukes from Turkey B. Hotline between Moscow & Washington DC

VII. The NonAligned Nations* A. Those nations not on either side during Cold War (=neutral) 1. i.e. didn’t choose sides in Communist v. anti-communist =remained neutral 2. India, Yugoslavia, many African nations a. Goals: remain neutral & trade with both=more $

NonAligned Nations: 118

VIII. The Role of the United Nations A. Place where US & USSR could voice their differences to avoid war 1. Blocks (alliances) emerged: Allies of the US v. Allies of the USSR =anti-communists -communists NATO members Warsaw Pact & China 2. Peace keeping forces, health services to poor nations * 192 nations today Meet in New York

U.N. Members today

U.N. Peacekeeping Missions Today

IX. Collapse of Communism & the Soviet Union A. Easing of Cold War Tensions 1. Détente*: lessening of tensions in the Cold War a. Arms control (weapons) & treaties b. Cultural exchanges c. Trade agreements

B. Gorbachev in the Soviet Union 1. Mikhail Gorbachev*--1985 a. Reformed Soviet govt & economy 2. Perestroika* a. Goal: to stimulate economic growth & make industry more efficient i. free market reform ii. negatives: inflation, food shortages

3. Glasnost* (openness) a. ended censorship & encouraged people to discuss ideas to make Soviet Union better =beginning of the end of Communism in USSR

C. Breakup of the USSR 1. Non-Russian Republics: wanted self-rule a. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania were the 1st, rest followed=end of USSR

1. Armenia, 2. Azerbaijan, 3. Belarus, 4. Estonia, 5. Georgia, 6 1. Armenia, 2. Azerbaijan, 3. Belarus, 4. Estonia, 5. Georgia, 6. Kazakhstan, 7. Kyrgyzstan, 8. Latvia, 9. Lithuania, 10. Moldova, 11. Russia, 12. Tajikistan, 13. Turkmenistan, 14. Ukraine, 15. Uzbekistan

2. Hard-line Communists tried to oust Gorbachev but he soon resigned 3. Gorbachev: ended communism in USSR, Eastern Europe a. USSR-->Russia & 21 republics create the Russian Federation*

D. Difficult Challenges for Russia 1. Boris Yeltsin* became Russian President a. wanted more democracy & capitalist economy b. farms, business, industry sold to citizens c. negatives: inflation, unemployment

a. =hard-line communists 2. Vladimir Putin*-Russian President 1999-2008, now Dmitiri Medvedev a. =hard-line communists b. New US-Russian nuclear reductions Medvedev Putin

E. Eastern Europe Transformed 1. End of Communism/Soviet control of: a. Poland, East Germany, Romania, Bulgaria--all declared independence=democratic reforms

2. Lech Walesa* & Solidarity* in Poland a. 1980s Poland: Walesa organized unemployed workers in to Solidarity (independent trade union) b. Govt outlawed Solidarity, jailed leaders=work stoppages c. Poland freed from USSR dominance: elections in 1989: Walesa new Polish President

3. East & West Germany United a. Fall of Berlin Wall 1989: built in 1961 to separate communist east & democratic west b. East & West reunified 1990

4. Ethnic Tensions Resurface a. Communism outlawed religion=no ethnic/religious wars b. Fall of Communism=religious/ethnic war: (Orthodox Christians v. Muslims) i. Armenia ii. Azerbaijan iii. Balkan Peninsula: Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Albania, Montenegro, Kosovo (former Yugoslavia) iv. Chechnya

Christianity on Earth

Islam on Earth

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