Introduction to Psychology Peking University Chapter 9 Intelligence Introduction to Psychology Peking University

什么是聪明？ 2018/11/27

Intelligence The application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems, and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture. (Gardner, 1983) 2018/11/27

Outlines The nature of intelligence Intelligence testing Approaches to intelligence Heredity and intelligence The extremes of intelligence Some concluding thoughts 2018/11/27

1 The Nature of Intelligence The multifaceted nature of intelligence The functional nature of intelligence Culturally defined Definition of intelligence 2018/11/27

1.1 The multifaceted nature of intelligence

1.2 Functional Nature of Intelligence The capacity for goal-directed adaptive behavior. (Sternberg & Salter, 1982) 2018/11/27

1.3 Cultureally Defined Cultures guide their members in efficient ways of solving everyday problems, and these strategies become part of the way individuals think. ( Vygotsky, 1978) 2018/11/27

1.4 Definition of Intelligence The application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems, and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture. (Gardner, 1983) 2018/11/27

Intelligence Viewpoint of layperson Related concepts Skill Knowledge Aptitude Intelligence Mental ability 2018/11/27

2 Intelligence Testing Psychometric instruments Intelligence tests Sir Francis Galton(1822-1911) Upper classes were the most intelligent Simple perceptual, sensory, and motor abilities 10,000(1884) Father of mental test/pioneering statistician 2018/11/27

2.1 Binet Scale Alfred Binet (1857-1911) Binet & Simon (1908) (1905) for education commission Binet & Simon (1908) Abilities increase with age Mental Age, MA----Chronological age,CA The average age at which children achieve a particular score. Item Selection 2018/11/27

2.2 Intelligence Testing in USA Lewis Terman Stanford-Binet scale (1916) IQ, Intelligence Quotient=(MA/CA)*100 Difference from Binet (MA, IQ, norm) Group Tests Army Alpha & Army Beta Test Scholastic Aptitude Test(SAT) The Wechsler Intelligence Scales 2018/11/27

The Wechsler Intelligence Scales David Wechsler Minimizing the linguistic and cultural biases Wechsler-Bellevue tests (1939) WAIS-R, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (1939, 1955, 1981) WISC-R, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (1958, 1974, 1991) 2018/11/27

The Structure of WAIS-R Verbal subtests Information Comprehension Arithmetic Similarities Digit span Vocabulary Performance subtests Digit symbol Picture completion Block design Picture arrangement Object assembly 2018/11/27

2.3 Frequency Distribution of IQ Scores Wechsler (1958) New concept of IQ calculating IQ as an individual position relative to peers of the same age on a frequency distribution An normal, bell-shaped curve 2018/11/27

2.4 Limitations of IQ Tests Predictive validity of IQ scores Two limitations 2018/11/27

2.4.1 Predictive validity of IQ scores 小学 0.6-0.7 中学 0.5-0.6 大学 0.4-0.5 研究生 0.3-0.4 Why? 2018/11/27

How teachers view brightness as IQ? Bias in age Bias in sex Bias in social behavior manner 2018/11/27

2.4.2 Two Limitations Lack of a theoretical basis Culturally biased Academic performance/practical intelligence Culturally biased 15-point difference in white/African Williams, Robert L. IQ is strongly correlated with socioeconomic status Group difference: gender 2018/11/27

语言文化差异 Cello Harp Drum Violin Guitar Running a game What is up? 2018/11/27

Assignment 1 中小学教育中是否要引用智商测验？ 为什么？ 2018/11/27

3 Approaches to Intelligence The Psychometric Approach The Information-Processing Approach A Theory of Multiple Intelligences 2018/11/27

3.1 The Psychometric Approach Factor Analysis: common elements Spearman Two-Factor Theory Charles Spearman (1863-1945) g-factor, General Intelligence s-factors 2018/11/27

Other Factor Theories LL Thurstone(1938, 1962): 7 primary factors word fluency comprehension numerical computation spatial skills associative memory reasoning perceptual speed R. Cattell(1963): Crystallized/Fluid Intelligence Wechsler WAIS-R J. Guilford (1961): content, product, operation 2018/11/27

Limitations of the Psychometric Approach Describing rather than explaining Facts but no theory; Lack of Process Proliferation in factors Uncertainty in determining factors and their pattern 2018/11/27

3.2 The Information-Processing Approach Speed of Processing Posner et al(1969) Knowledge Base Ability to Acquire and Apply Cognitive Strategies 2018/11/27

Speed of Processing Judge Identity: A A Judge Identity: A a Perceive form of letter Perceive form of letter Analyze perceived forms Analyze perceived forms Look up names of letter Speed of Processing:我们通常用快、慢说一个人干得好或差。有些研究检验智商与加工速度之间的关系。 Posner et al (1969)：向被试呈现成对的字母，要求判断两个字母物理上是否一样，或者在名称上是否一样（ Aa），测反应时。当字母看上去不一样时，判断名称是否一样需要多做一步：从LTM中提取各个字母的名称。反应时之间的差别，反映的是记忆搜索的速度。 有研究发现，反应时上的差异与学习成绩相关（Campione等，1982）。学习能力出众的孩子在这类要求速度的任务上更快捷（Keating & Robbitt,1978）。 Compare forms Compare letter names R: identical R: identical 22

Knowledge Base Information in LTM Quantity, Method of organization, Availability--->Intelligence Performance Experience & Schema 2018/11/27

Acquire and Apply Cognitive Strategies Daily Task Difference between adults and children Retard children are more difficult in acquiring and applying cognitive strategies 2018/11/27

Limitation of I-P Approach Theory to Theory Limited in academic situation Being difficult to describing the process of real problem-solving. 2018/11/27

3.3 A Theory of Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner(1983) Selecting Intelligences Limitations of the Theory of M-I. 2018/11/27

Selecting Intelligences Gardner(1983) One can never develop a single irrefutable and universally acceptable list of human intelligence Criterion Multiple neural modules Savant and prodigy studies Distinctive developmental course 2018/11/27

Gardner Seven Intelligences Logical/Mathematical Linguistic or Verbal Musical Bodily/Kinesthetic Spatial Intrapersonal Interpersonal 2018/11/27

Limitations of Gardner Theory Underestimate the possibility of some kinds of general intelligence Lack empirical measures of such intelligences as intrapersonal and musical The potential proliferation of intelligences 2018/11/27

R. Sternberg (1985): Triarchic Theory Componential intelligence knowledge acquisition component performance component metacognitive component Experiential intelligence 处理新奇或者很常规的问题的能力 Contextual intelligence 日常事务、适应新的不同情境的现实管理能力 2018/11/27

Scrambled Words H-U-L-A-G P-T-T-M-E T-R-H-O-S C-I-B-A-S T-N-K-H-G-I R-I-D-E-V T-E-N-R-E 2018/11/27

Emotional Intelligence P. Salovery & JD Mayer(1990, 1993) IQ less important than parent SES( SES, income) Social ability is important in life. Apply emotional experience to motivation D. Goleman(1995) P. Salovery & JD Mayer(1997) 准确、适当地认知、评价和表达情绪 调整自己的情绪 利用情绪促进思维 Mayer(1998) Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale 2018/11/27

4 Heredity and Intelligence 个体差异研究 种族/家族群体研究 纵向研究 2018/11/27

4.1 Individual Differences in IQ Genetic and environmental variables Longtitudinal study Twin, family, and adoption studies: Distinguish the impact of nature and nurture Siblings, dizygotic twins, and parent-offspring pairs=.50 Monozygotic twins=1.00 (genetically identical) 2018/11/27

Some Results 领养儿的智商与生身父母的关系更大 领养一段时间之后，被领养儿的智力能显著提高（>20） 越早领养，环境的影响就越大。 环境因素：父母社会经济地位、学校等 2018/11/27

4.2 Group Differences: race Arthur Jensen Hypothesis(1973) Between one-half and three-fourths of the average IQ difference between American Negroes and whites is attributable to genetic factors. Minnesota Adoption Study Scarr & Weinberg(1976), Weinberg et al(1992) Racial Ancestry Study Scarr et al(1977): No relation 2018/11/27

4.3 Commentary: the science & politics of Intelligence Emotional Issue Milwaukee Project Herrnstein & Murray(1994): The Bell Curve Meritocracy能人统治 Waste of resources 50 leading professors drafted a document on intelligence 客观测量、预测性最好、种族内得分分布广、环境 2018/11/27

遗传力 H＝Vg/Vt =(Vt-Ve)/Vt Vt: DZ difference in IQ Ve: MZ difference in IQ 0.4-0.8 2018/11/27

5 The Extremes of Intelligence Mental retardation Causes of mental retardation Treating mental retardation Giftedness Are gifted people maladjusted? Personality, marriage, professional success Creativity and Intelligence No relationship Creativity & Bipolar disorder(manic-depression) 2018/11/27

6 Some Concluding Thoughts Social Intelligence The ability to store, retrieve, and understand social information. Intelligence is always embedded in a psychological context that includes motivation and emotion.=>Goals EQ, Emotional Quotient 2018/11/27