CUBA TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE ASSESSMENT    CUBA TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE ASSESSMENT PRESENTATION TO: ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF THE CUBAN ECONOMY (ASCE) NINETEENTH ANNUAL MEETING August 1, 2009

Transportation Infrastructure CUBA Transportation Infrastructure COMMITTEE MEMBERS Sergio Alfonso, Jr., PE, CHAIR, Marlin Engineering, Inc. Carlos A. Penin, PE ,CO-CHAIR, CAP Engineering, Inc Armando I. Perez, PhD, PE, CDM Maria F. Porrata, Member CAACE Michael B. Acosta, PE, Member ACE Andrés Garganta, PE, Member CAACE Pedro Giralt, PE, Member CAACE

Disclaimer and Objective CUBA Transportation Infrastructure Disclaimer and Objective The findings, views, opinions and conclusions presented are those of the committee and do not necessarily represent the views of their employers or sponsoring engineering societies. Authors’ knowledge of Cuba is personal and augmented by information available mostly on the Internet and personal communication with Cubans now living in Cuba and USA. The purpose is to assess the necessary resources to reconstruct the transportation infrastructure in Cuba, without field inspection or review.

Past, Present and Future CUBA Transportation Infrastructure  Assessment of Transportation Needs Past, Present and Future Highway System Railway System Airports Public Transportation

Transportation Infrastructure 1958 Conditions - Historical Data Highway System In 1903 – 250 km mainly in Havana By 1958 – 20,000 km of which 6,100 were paved Cuba had one of the most efficient highway systems in Latin America Carretera Central Two lanes two way highway completed in 1931 Runs about 1,150 km (715 miles) Mostly paralleling Central Railway Connecting Province Capitals and all major cities except Cienfuegos Via Blanca Four lanes divided highway, from Havana thru Matanzas to Varadero 135 km Rides over the Bacunayagua Bridge, highest bridge in Cuba   Secondary Roadways There were approximately 4,000 kilometers connecting all cities and towns with population exceeding 5,000 to Carretera Central Local Roads (Caminos Vecinales) There were 15,000 km (1,500 km paved) connecting farms to small towns

1958 Highway System

1958 Conditions - Historical Data Transportation Infrastructure 1958 Conditions - Historical Data  Railway System (15,000 km) Cuba's railway history began in 1830, in Havana Central Rail System (Standard Gauge 1.435 m (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)) Extends from Pinar del Río to Guantánamo Used for passengers and freight services Narrow Rail System (Narrow Gage 1.067m (3ft 6in)) Mainly for transport of sugar cane to the mills Intercity passenger and freight service 64% is for industrial use, Mainly sugarcane industry and 36% Passenger and freight

Transportation Infrastructure Railway Network 1958 1 km per 8.08 km²

1958 Conditions - Historical Data Transportation Infrastructure 1958 Conditions - Historical Data Airports Cubana de Aviacion had 19 airplanes Others Cuban airlines had 8 airplanes International   Domestic Private

1958 Conditions - Historical Data Transportation Infrastructure 1958 Conditions - Historical Data Public Transportation Buses City of Havana had outstanding local service (4,000 buses in 40 routes) Service from Havana to Santiago de Cuba by Santiago-Habana (10 trips daily) Service between major cities along Carretera Central with other cities and towns. Taxis Cuba had organized “Chapa Gris” taxi system (20,000 cars) Rail By 1860 Havana had its first streetcar Service from Havana to Santiago de Cuba since 1920’s Airports Domestic flight service between major cities and Havana Trucks Transportation of freight and goods

PRESENT ROADWAY SYSTEM CONDITION Presently there is 60,000 km of roadway which 20,000 km are paved According to a November 2007 EFECOM report, nearly 3,000 km of major roadways are in poor or substandard condition. The same report goes on to indicate that planned repairs would not even amount to even 400 km per year A March 16, 2009 report in the Latin American Herald Tribune, quotes the director of the Havana Government’s Business Construction Group for the city’s streets and roadways, as indicating that over 75% of paved roadways in the Havana area are in poor condition and need “big & complex” repairs. The Cuban capital, has approximately 21 million square meters (about 222 million square feet or 8 square miles) of paved area and the job of repaving the existing damage will require 1.5 million tons of asphalt

MAJOR ROADS & HIGHWAYS

PRESENT SYSTEM CONDITION According to an international travel guide: “…there are very, very, few road signs and directional aids.” AND “even rarer still are protective crossbars or warning lights.” (at railroad crossings). Another international travelers guide states: “They (roads) are pretty similar in construction to US freeways, however pretty much in decaying state. Lane markings are mostly nonexistent, that's true also for any type of signs. This means no signs for cities on exits and interchanges, only signs counting km's to Havana are pretty common. Potholes on otherwise wide freeways are common.” Trains on the railway system are slow, not punctual, and on routes aside from the main routes, are not reliable.

Commonly encountered: Lack of lane markings, signage, guard rails, fences and other essential components.

Total railway system 8,193 km RAILWAY NETWORK - PRESENT SYSTEM (ONE 2007) Total railway system 8,193 km 7,952 km of standard gauge track, 150 km of which is electrified 241 km of narrow gage track 3,117 use for sugar industry and passengers 5,076 km of public use

RAIL NETWORK – MAJOR LINES

PRESENT SYSTEM CONDITION In general, since 1959 there has been insufficient capital investments made in the networks. The lack of investment has only accelerated since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the loss of its multi-billion dollar annual subsidies. This lack of investment and maintenance are reflected in the deteriorated condition of many of the transportation system components.

The Future – Short and Long Term Solutions Transportation Infrastructure  Assessment of Transportation Needs The Future – Short and Long Term Solutions Highway System Railway System Airports Public Transportation

Short Term Solutions - Highway System Safety Improvements are imperative component of all short term solutions Pavement Restoration including pot holes and milling and resurfacing Striping of edge and centerlines Regulatory, advisory and warning traffic signs and signals Guardrails Based on current roadway maintenance prices in the State of Florida we estimate that the cost of performing these improvements on the MAJOR highway system in Cuba is $1 billion. Using the TOTAL number of existing lane kilometers of 65,000 the total investment would be $10 billion

Short Term Solutions - Railway System Safety Improvements are imperative component of all short term solutions Base and Sub-base stabilization Signs and Signals Reestablishment of Railroad Crossings Based on current prices in the State of Florida it is estimated that the cost of performing these improvements on the total number of standard gauge and narrow gauge rails of 12,000 km the total investment would be $500 million

Short Term Solutions - Airports Safety Improvements are imperative component of all short term solutions Restoration of the landing strips and taxiways including pot holes and milling and resurfacing Striping of directional signage Landing & Takeoff lighting Landside & Airside repairs Based on current prices in the State of Florida we estimate that the cost of performing these improvements at the estimated number of 12 Airport Facilities the total investment would be $600 million.

Short Term Solutions - Public Transportation Additional rolling stock (buses, taxis and work trucks) The establishment of a Maintenance Facility including spare parts and mechanical tools for these vehicles Consideration of alternate means i.e. Jitneys, Mini Vans and Shuttles Study Bus Rapid transit routes for future implementation It is estimated that 400 new buses would be needed initially at a cost of $250,000 per bus for a total investment of $100 Million

Long Term Solutions – Public Transportation Provide safe, efficient, reliable mobility Provide high-speed, high-capacity connections Balance mobility and economic competitiveness with community livability and environmental stewardship Employ Innovative financing techniques and private/public partnerships

Long Term Solutions – Public Transportation The future includes the combination of all four modes of transportation i.e. Highways, Railways, Airports and Public Transportation. This Multimodal transportation system, should inter-connect people and goods to the various points of interest. It leads to economic vitality and becomes the infrastructure backbone of the Island. Multimodal Components Rail Airplanes Automobiles Bus Rapid Transit Local Bus Routes Trucking Bicycles Pedestrian Various Points of Interest Seaports Airports Train Stations Government Centers Business Districts Entertainment Venues Recreational Centers 24

Long Term Solutions – Public Transportation Preliminary Transportation Hubs and Sub-Hubs were identified by studying the existing data from the following: Census to determine the population of the Cities The alignment of the Central Highway (Carretera Central) y Ocho Via The route of the standard gauge railway system The locations of all major airports Main Hubs: Pinar del Rio Ciudad de la Habana Matanzas Santa Clara Camaguey Holguin Santiago de Cuba Nueva Gerona (Isla de la Juventud) Sub-Hubs: Artemisa Cienfuegos Sancti Spiritus Ciego de Avila Las Tunas Bayamo Guantanamo

Main Hubs and Sub-Hubs Locations

Hubs Concept

Conclusion In 1959 Cuba had one of the best road and rail system in Latin America. The lack of investment since 1959 on the roadway railway systems has created the requirement of major investment to bring the system up to standard and a point where will assist in the restoring Cuba: The need is estimated in billions at: SHORT TERM LONG TERM $1 $10 Roadways $0.1 $0.25 Streets in Havana $0.5 $2 Railways $0.6 $6 Airports $0.1 $5 Public Transportation TOTAL $2.3 $23.25