4th Industrial Revolution

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4th Industrial Revolution H.S.Srinivas Prasad , Ph.D., F.I.E. www.engineer.net.in prasad.hss@gmail.com

India before 1947 India was part of the British Empire. Railways were operational since 1853 Many road and goods vehicles were animal driven Most goods were imported from UK Power generation was inadequate INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Industrial revolutions 1 and 2 Industry 1.0 - 1760 to 1840 – Industrial revolution introducing mechanical production; machines powered by water and steam; railways and steam engine in Europe Industry 2.0 - 1870 to 1940 – Mass production powered by electricity and assembly line, largely in Europe and USA India missed out on these revolutions INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

3rd Industrial revolution Industry 3.0 - 1960 to 2010 - Further progression in autonomous production through the use of electronics and IT (main frame computing with terminals, personal computers, portable digital assistants, Internet) 1990-2010 – India gradually industrialised especially after the 2nd Five-year Plan; computer-based systems were introduced in many spheres of economic activity after 1990 INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

National income of india Net National Income (NNI), also known as national income (at current prices) is likely to be Rs. 147.11 trillion during 2017- 18 . It is the 6th largest economy in the world The industry(manufacturing) sector has held a steady share of its conomic contribution (26% of GDP in 2013– 14). INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

India’s per capita GDP India’s population in 2010: : 1.22 billion Estimated population in 2018: 1.35 billion India's per capita income (nominal) was $1670 per year in 2016, ranked at 112th out of 164 countries by the World Bank, while its per capita income on purchasing power parity (PPP) basis was US$5,350, and ranked 106th India's per capita income grew at a pace of 8.6 per c ent to Rs.112835 during year ended 31/3/2018 INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

MANUFACTURING IN INDIA National Manufacturing policy , Nov 4, 2011 Objective is to enhance share of manufacturing in the economy Create 100 million jobs over a decade The Gross Value Added (GVA) from the manufacturing sector is estimated at US$ 390.84 billion in FY18PE. Indian economy expanded 8.2% in the April-June quarter2018 INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Major Manufacturing sectors Petroleum products and Chemicals – 34% of export earnings Pharmaceuticals.- Engineering – largest subsector and the 3rd largest export earner Gems and jewellery – contributes about 7% of India’s GDP Textile – contributes 4% to country’s GDP Pulp and Paper Services – accounted for 57% of India’s GDP in 2012 Aviation – 4th INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Manufacturing information system INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Manufacturing information system Product design Inventory systems Manufacturing-planning systems Manufacturing-scheduling systems Manufacturing operations systems – Simulation Human Resources Information Systems Accounting Information Systems INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN MANUFACTURING CAD D(computer-aided design and drafting) CAE (computer-aided engineering) CAM (computer-aided manufacturing) CAPP (computer-aided process planning) CAQ (computer-aided quality assurance) PPC (production planning and control) ERP (enterprise resource planning) INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Computer aided engineering Computer-aided engineering (CAE) is the broad usage of computer software to aid in engineering analysis tasks. It includes finite element analysis (FEA), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), multibodydynamics (MBD), durabil ity and optimisation Computer-aided design (CADD) is the use of computer systems (or workstations) to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design and to improve productivity of the designer Computer software examples include ANSYS and NASTRAN INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Computer aided DRAFTING In mechanical design it is known as mechanical design automation (MDA) or computer-aided drafting (CAD), which includes the process of creating a technical drawing with the use of computer software such as Autocad.[4] CAD software is used to mprove communication through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing.[2 INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

CAD software from autodesk Modelling and drafting AUTOCAD Now includes specialised toolsets, the new AutoCAD web app and the AutoCAD mobile app. Rs.66,749/year (Excludes tax) PRODUCT DESIGN & MANUFACTURING COLLECTION Get AutoCAD + Inventor + more Rs.91,177/year (Excludes tax) INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Cad in electronics Electronic design automation (EDA), is also referred to as electronic computer-aided design(ECAD),[1] is a category of software tools for designing electronic systems such as integrated circuitsand printed circuit boards. Altium offers Altium Designer, CircuitStudio and CircuitMaker. Cadence offers Allegro and OrCAD. CadSoft offers EAGLE Design Software. Mentor Graphics offers Xpedition and PADS PCB Design software. INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

CAD standards Computer Gra;phics Standards GKS; is an ANSI and ISO standard, device independent and host system independent VDI (virtual device interface) – lowest device independent interface in a graphics system IGES – Inditial graphics exchange specification – enables exchane of model databases among CAD systems and others INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

cad/cam/cim CAD/CAM system is a computer interactive graphics system with software to integrate design and manufacturing functions CAM includes process planning, NC part planning and other engineering functions as well as inventory control, production scheduling, production monitoring etc. CIM includes all engineering functions of CAD/CAM, but also includes firms’ business functions INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Computer Numerical control Components Programme Machine Control Unit (MCU) Processing equipment NC COORDINATE SYSTEMS To define position of work head relative to work part 3 linear axes x, y and z in Cartesian Coordinate System Rotational axes a, b and c about x, y and z INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

NC – motion control system Used to control movement of the work head (or work part), to discrete points or along linear or curved path. Interpolation methods are used to define the curvilinear path. Accuracy is mantained withn specified tolerances Acceleration and deceleration calculations to control feed rates of work head Communication interface Diagnostics Distributed numerical control INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Typical nc machines NC lathe, either horizontal or vertical axis for straight turning or contour turning NC boring mill, horizontal or vertical spindle NC drill press NC milling machine NC cylindrical grinder INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

4th Industrial revolution INDUSTRY – 4 Is based on the technological concepts of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), the Internet of Things and the Internet of Services. Over the Internet of Things, Cyber-physical systems communicate and cooperate with each other and humans in real time. INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

4th Industrial revolution Via the Internet of Services, both internal and cross organisational services are offered and utilized by participants of the value chain. Within the modular structured Smart Factories of Industrie 4.0, cyber-physical systems monitor physical processes, create a virtual copy of the physical world and make decentralized decisions. INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

cyber-physical system (CPS) A Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is a system of collaborating computational elements controlling physical entities. CPS are physical and engineered systems whose operation are monitored, coordinated, controlled and integrated by a computing and communication core. They allow us to add capabilities to physical systems INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Industrie 4.0 Design Principles Interoperability The ability of CPS to connect and communicate with each other via IOT and IOS Virtualisation : A virtual copy of the Smart Factory which is created by linking sensor data (from monitoring physical processes) with virtual plant models and simulation models Decentralisation The ability of CPS within Smart Factories to make decisions on their own INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Industrie 4.0 Design Principles Real-Time capability the capability to collect and analyze data and provide the insights immediately Service Orientation offering of services (of cyber-physical systems, humans and Smart Factories) via the Internet of Services. Modularity: flexible adaptation of Smart Factories for changing requirements of individual modules INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Industrie 4.0, Builds on – Digital Revolution Ubiquitous internet Smaller and powerful sensors Artificial Intelligence Machine learning Labour and Energy cost Robotics INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Industrie 4.0, building blocks Autonomous Robots Big data analytics Simulation Indust ry 4.0 Augmented reality Horizontal and vertical system integration Additive Mfg Industrial Internet of Things Cyber Security INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Industrie 4.0 Impacts all aspects of value chain INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Approaches to Industry- 4.0 Horizontal Integration of different information systems applied to production planning and process control Vertical Integration – Integration of information at different hierarchical levels Integrated digital engineering – collection and exchange of production data – leads to reduction of large amount of production data accumulated throughout the life cycle INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

internet of THINGS The term IOT dates back more than 15 years and has been attributed to the work of the Auto-ID Labs at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) on networked radio-frequency identification (RFID) The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) for instance now defines the Internet of Things as ‘‘a global infrastructure for the Information Society IoT solutions are increasingly extending to virtually all areas of everyday. INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

internet of things Connect both inanimate and living things Use sensors for data collection. Each sensor will monitor a specific condition such as location, vibration, motion and temperature The connection of physical things to the Internet makes it possible to access remote sensor data and to control the physical world from a distance. An IP-based network will help businesses deliver the performance, reliability and interoperability that are required to support global IoT networks and connections with partner ecosystems. INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Internet of things A smart object, which is the building block of the Internet of Things, is just another name for an embedded system that is connected to the Internet. The RFID technology, requires the attachment of a smart low-cost electronic ID-tag to a product such that the identity of a product can be decoded from a distance. By putting more intelligence into the ID tag, the tagged thing becomes a smart object.  sensor(s) and radio(s) that often sits in the machine, a M2M device-management platform INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

internet of THINGS The most prominent areas of application include, e.g., the smart industry, where the development of intelligent production systems and connected production sites is often discussed under the heading of Industrie 4.0 In the smart home or building area, intelligent thermostats and security systems are receiving a lot of attention, while smart energy applications focus on smart electricity, gas and water meters. Smart transport solutions include, e.g., vehicle fleet tracking and mobile ticketing INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

internet of THINGS At the connectivity layer, communication protocols such as MQTT enable the communication between the individual thing and the cloud. And at the IoT cloud layer, device communication and management software is used to communicate with, provision, and manage the connected things, while an application platform enables the development and execution of IoT applications. INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

internet of THINGS IoT-enabled objects will share information about their condition and the surrounding environment with people, software systems and other machines. This information can be shared in real time or collected and shared at defined intervals Firms must build a data collection and analytics strategy that supports this new torrent of information in a scalable and cost effective manner. Big data technology, such as Hadoop and NoSQL, can give companies the ability to rapidly collect, store and analyze large volumes of disparate IoT data. A solution delivery platform and apps that enable IoT devices to report or act on data. INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Internet of things Ultimately, IoT application software coordinates the interaction of people, systems and things for a given purpose. In addition, cutting across all layers, software components manage identity and security aspects, as well as the integration with business systems, e.g., for ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) or CRM, (Customer Relationship Management) and with external information sources INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Internet of things Machine-to-Machine communications and intelligence drawn from the devices and the network will allow businesses to automate certain basic tasks without depending on central or cloud based applications and services The Internet of Things will help a business gain efficiencies, harness intelligence from a wide range of equipment, improve operations and increase customer satisfaction. INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Internet of services The global computer network is transformed into a concourse of software modules that can easily be combined to form higher-grade services because they use standardized interfaces. An online marketplace that can supply and combine services for everyone. Following are connected to Internet of Services: INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

IP Address - ipv6 IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It became an Internet Standard on 14 July 2017 IPv6 uses a 128-bit address and provides for a very large number of addresses.  IPv6 addresses are represented as eight groups of four hexa-decimall digits with the groups being separated by colons, for example 2001:0db8:0000:0042:0000:8a2e:0370:7334, INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Cloud computing Cloud computing is the the use of various services, such as software development platforms, servers, storage and software, over the internet, often referred to as the "cloud." In general, there are three cloud computing characteristics that are common among all cloud-computing vendors: The back-end of the application (especially hardware) is completely managed by a cloud vendor. A user only pays for services used (memory, processing time and bandwidth, etc.). Services are scalable INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Robotics An industrial Robot is a general purpose programmable machine possessing certain anthropomorphic characteristics such as a mechanical arm to perform various industrial tasks A robot can respond to sensory inputs, communicate with other machines and make decisions Robot movement is done with a controller, which is becoming increasingly intelligent with capacity to interact with the environment Robots may be used in hazardous situations such as in welding, material transfer, machine loading, spray painting and assembly; Robot assisted production INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Artificial intelligence AI traditionally refers to an artificial creation of human-like intelligence that can learn, reason, plan, perceive, or process natural language. AI is an Internet enabled technology. Machine Learning: Instead of programming the computer every step of the way, machine learning makes use of learning algorithms that make inferences from data to learn new tasks. Innovation, made possible through the Internet, has brought AI closer to our everyday lives.  INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Artificial intelligence The collection of “Big Data” and the expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT), has made a perfect environment for new AI applications and services to grow. Applications based on AI are already visible in healthcare diagnostics, targeted treatment, transportation, public safety, service robots, education and entertainment, but will be applied in more fields in the coming years. Together with the Internet, AI changes the way we experience the world  INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Artificial intelligence Computer algorithms organize enormous amounts of data into information and services, based on certain instructions and rules. It’s an important concept to understand, because in machine learning, learning algorithms – not computer programmers – create the rules. This means computers can be used for new, complicated tasks that could not be manually programmed. Things like photo recognition applications for the visually impaired, or translating pictures into speech. [6] INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Artificial intelligence The basic process of machine learning is to give training data to a learning algorithm. The learning algorithm then generates a new set of rules, based on inferences from the data. This is in essence generating a new algorithm, formally referred to as the machine learning model. By using different training data, the same learning algorithm could be used to generate different models. … … to be continued INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Conclusions and recommendations India is still in its infancy insofar as infrastructure is concerned. Digital India is a castle in the air. India does not make computer processors It has not developed an operating system for the computers it uses Major application software are imported. India should address these issues on a war footing before it tries to launch Industry – 4 before using the Internet for strategically sensitive applications. INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

eÁÕ£ÀA C£ÀAvÀA Gnanam Anantham … … … To be continued INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Thanks to Mr.M Chinnaswamy, FIE, Chairman Mr. B.V.Ravindranath MIE, Honorary Secretary Mr.K.B.Bhaskar, MIE, Convenor All the authors who contributed to articles on the Internet referred to And to all of you, who patiently listened to me. INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Further reading India 2016 Ibrahim Zeid and Sivasubramanian, R, “CAD/CAM Theory and Practice, Special Indian Edition”, McGraw Hill Inc , 2009 Mikell P. Groover, CAD/CAM 2003 Mikell P. Groover, “Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing”, Fourth Edition, 2016 Serope Kelpakjian and Steven R. Schmidt, “Manufacturing Engineering and Technology “ 7th Edition,  2018 INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Further reading Kopetz H. (2011) Internet of Things. In: Real-Time Systems. Real-Time Systems Series. Springer, Boston, MA Felix Wortmann • Kristina Flu¨chter, “Internet of Things Technology and Value Added”, httwww.alexandria.unisg.ch/252999/1/s12599-015-0383- 3.pdf Feng Xia1,*,†, Laurence T. Yang2, Lizhe Wang3 and Alexey Vinel, “Internet of Things”, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Int. J. Commun. Syst. 2012; 25:1101–1102 Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/dac.2417ps:// INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Further reading David B. Arnold and Peter R. Bono:, ‘Introduction to Computer Graphics” Standards”, Springer Hillier and Lieberman: “Introduction to Operations Research”, McGraw Hill Book Co Dan W Patterson, “Introdu ction to Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems”, Prentice Hall of India Umang, IoT & IoE: A technical Review, CSI Communications, Vol 41, Issue No. 4, July 2017 Neelam Jha, “Sensors for Internet of Everything”, CSI Communications, Vol 42, Issue No. 1, April 8 INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Further reading Dharmendra Patel, “Sensors based Internet of Everything Applications and related issues”, CSI Communications, volume no. 42, Issue no. 2 www.industry-4.0.pptx andromeda.rutgers.edu/~dupre/604su08/604su08pp/CE09.ppt  http://www.lean-manufacturing-japan.com/scm- terminology/push-pull-manufacturing.htmlCE09.ppt By Siyuwj - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18168648 https://www.iqms.com/products/erp/manufacturing/scheduling / INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018

Further reading https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/solutions/tre nds/iot/introduction_to_IoT_november.pdf https://www.capterra.com/engineering-cad- software Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Policy Paper Internet Society, https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/20 17/artificial-intelligence-and-machine-learning- policy-paper https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer- aided_design INDUSTRY - 4 8 Sep 2018