The Bigger Picture: Nazi Domestic Policies 1933-39 Germany 1918-39 The Weimar Republic 1918-33 Hitler and the Nazi Party 1919-33 The Nazi Dictatorship 1933-39 Nazi Domestic Policies 1933-39 Young people Women Employment and the Standard of Living Minorities

Nazi Policies and Young People The young were seen as the future of the Third Reich so were an important target for the Nazis in ensuring the future of Germany under Nazi rule http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVUAIPMsZ60

Nazi Policies and Young People Education The Curriculum was changed in order to suit the aims of the Nazis Emphasis on Race Studies, Physical Education and preparing for the army (boys) and motherhood (girls) Girls studied Domestic Science to gain knowledge of how to cook and clean Race Studies taught how to identify a Jewish person, and what made the ideal Aryan race Religious schools were closed down or forced to glorify Hitler rather than God Students were taught to worship Hitler and he was portrayed as a saviour of the German nation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVUAIPMsZ60

Nazi Policies and Young People Youth Groups When the Nazis came to power in 1933 other youth groups were forcibly merged into the Hitler Youth and by the end of 1933 membership stood at just over 2 million. In December 1936, membership of the Hitler Youth became compulsory. There were separate Hitler Youth groups for boys and girls: Boys aged 6 - 10 years joined the Little Fellows (Pimpf). They did mainly outdoor sports type activities such as hiking, rambling and camping. Boys aged 10 - 13 years joined the German Young People (Deutsche Jungvolk). They still did sporting activities but these had a more military emphasis such as parading and marching as well as map reading. They also learnt about Nazi views on racial purity and anti-semitism. Boys aged 14 - 18 years joined the Hitler Youth (Hitler Jugend). They were prepared to be soldiers by doing military activities. Girls aged 10 - 14 years joined the Young Maidens (Jungmadel) where they were taught good health practices as well as how to become good mothers and housewives. They also learnt about Nazi views on racial purity and anti-semitism. Girls aged 14 - 21 joined the League of German Maidens (Deutscher Madel) where they were further prepared for their roles as the mother of future Germans. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVUAIPMsZ60

Nazi Policies and Young People Youth Opposition to Nazism The Swing Movement Middle-class teenagers Listened to English and American songs Dances like the ‘jitterbug’ Talked about sex! Nazis issued handbooks of how to identify these people The White Rose Resistance Group Led by Sophie Scholl and her brothers Passive-resistance to the Nazis She spread the anti-war messages through distribution of leaflets at the University of Munich She and her brothers were executed by Guillotine The Edelweiss Pirates http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVUAIPMsZ60

Source A A daily timetable for a girls school in Nazi Germany. 8.00 – German (every day) 8.50 – Geography, History or Singing (alternate days) 9.40 – Race Studies and Ideology (every day) 10.25 – Recess, Sports and Special Announcements (every day) 11.00 – Domestic Science or Maths (alternate days) 12.10 – Eugenics or Health Biology (alternate days) 1.00-6.00 – Sport Evenings – Sex Education, Ideology or Domestic Science (one evening each) Source B Hitler speaking in 1939 ‘It is my great educative work I am beginning with the young. We older ones are used up... We are bearing the burden of a humiliating past... But my magnificent youngsters! Are there finer ones in the world? Look at these young men and boys! What material! With them I can make a new world.’ Source B Photograph of the Hitler Youth. From a very early age children were encouraged to join. Source D From a Nazi anti-Semitic children's book, ‘Der Giftpilz’ (The Toadstoad) published by executed Nazi war criminal, Julius Streicher, shows a student "identifying" to his  teacher & peers "Jewish charactertistics" such as a nose shaped like a "6.“ Source E Henrik Metelmann describes what it was like to be a member of the Hitler Youth in the 1930s. ‘It was a great feeling. You felt you belonged to a great nation again. Germany was in safe hands and I was going to help build a strong Germany. But my father of course felt differently about it. He warned ‘Now Henrik, don’t say to them what I’m saying to you.’ I always argued with my father as I was very much in favour of the Hitler regime which was against his background as a working man.’ Source F A German Newspaper, heavily controlled by the Nazis, approves of the curriculum in 1939. All subjects – German language, History, Geography, Chemistry, Mathematics – must concentrate on military subjects, the glorification of military service and of German heroes and leaders and the strength of a re-built Germany. Chemistry will develop a knowledge of chemical ware fare, explosives, etc. While Mathematics will help the young understand artillery, calculations, ballistics.

The Bigger Picture: Nazi Domestic Policies 1933-39 Germany 1918-39 The Weimar Republic 1918-33 Hitler and the Nazi Party 1919-33 The Nazi Dictatorship 1933-39 Nazi Domestic Policies 1933-39 Young people Women Employment and the Standard of Living Minorities

The Nazi Policies and Women The Nazis were a very male-dominated organisation – all Nazi leaders were men Hitler had very traditional views of the role of women as wife and mother He believed the K’s ‘Kinder, Küche, Kirche’ (Children, Kitchen, Church) were a woman's mission in life

Education Girls from the age of ten joined the Jungmadel (Hitler Youth). From fourteen they entered the Bund Deutscher Madel (German Girls' League). They were taught their role was as a good wife and mother and their place was in the home.- the 3 Ks: kinder, kuche, kirche (Children, Cooking, Church) They did have opportunities for outdoor activities such as camping, and some women got the chance to travel

Marriage 1933 - Law for the Encouragement of Marriage - which gave newly weds a government loan so that wives could leave their jobs and have children. Married professional women were forced to give up their jobs and stay at home. 1934 – The Nazi Ten Commandments – Women are encouraged to marry pure German men and have lots of children 1935 – Marriages between pure Germans and Jews are forbidden as part of the Nuremberg Laws

Employment Women were expected to be home-makers, wives and mothers 1934 – Lots of women dismissed from professions, including doctors, civil servants, and teachers Discrimination against women applicants for jobs was encouraged By the end of the 1930s the Nazis did encourage some women to work to help the war effort but women had to struggle with family demands whilst doing this However, even when there was a struggle to cope with war supplies women were still not allowed to serve in the armed forces

Breeding Programme The Nazis believed women had biological purpose – to have children On Hitler’s mothers birthday, medals for women who had more than 4 children were awarded Women received a ‘Gold Cross’ for having 8 children and were given a privileged seat at Nazi meetings – although they never had any say in the meetings Lebensborn programme set up to encourage unmarried women to have children out of wedlock if it was with a racially pure SS officer Banned contraception and abortion By 1939, there was a slight increase in the birth rate, as well as more births outside of marriages

Physical Constraints Not allowed to wear make-up, have hair dyed or have perms Only to wear flat shoes and no trousers allowed No slimming as thought unhealthy and would upset child-bearing No smoking allowed as seen as 'un-German‘ Long hair or put in bun or plaits They were also encouraged to keep fit and healthy

The Bigger Picture: Nazi Domestic Policies 1933-39 Germany 1918-39 The Weimar Republic 1918-33 Hitler and the Nazi Party 1919-33 The Nazi Dictatorship 1933-39 Nazi Domestic Policies 1933-39 Young people Women Employment and the Standard of Living Minorities

Employment and the Standard of Living Improved Conscription Autobahns The German Labour Front Public work programmes Strength through joy (KDF) People’s car German Labour Front (DAF) Contracts for big businesses Volksgemeinshaft Reich Food Estate Increase in jobs Did not Improve Controlling Indoctrination / brainwashing Persecution of minorities Women taken out of jobs Strict rules Concentration camps Not everybody agreed No freedom No political choice State before individual

The Bigger Picture: Nazi Domestic Policies 1933-39 Germany 1918-39 The Weimar Republic 1918-33 Hitler and the Nazi Party 1919-33 The Nazi Dictatorship 1933-39 Nazi Domestic Policies 1933-39 Young people Women Employment and the Standard of Living Minorities

Minorities Disabled people The targeting of disabled people in Nazi Germany was referred to as the ‘Euthanasia Programme’ Between 1939-41, at least 72,000 mentally ill patients were euthanized before a public outcry ended it Thousands of disabled babies and children were also killed be fatal injection Over 300,000 men and women were compulsory sterilised

Minorities Gypsies and ‘Asocials’ The extermination of gypsies and asocials did not cause an outcry 5 out of 6 gypsies living in Germany in 1939 were killed by the Nazis Asocials – homosexuals, alcoholics, homeless people, prostitutes, habitual criminals and beggars were rounded up off the streets and sent to concentration camps

The Nuremberg Laws Source A They were passed by the Nazis in 1935, and took away citizenship from German Jews Jews were also forbidden to marry, or have sexual relations with, non-Jews Gradually the laws were added to and took away any civil rights of a Jew Jewish children were not allowed to go to school, or play with non-Jews, they were not allowed to own a bike or radio Jewish people were not allowed to own businesses , or go university Goebbels targeted them through propaganda Source A A Nazi poster against the Jews claims ‘He is guilty for the war!’ Source C A German woman being chastised for having a Jewish boyfriend by the SS in 1933 Source B A chart explaining the Jewish blood line Ghetto

The laws passed against the Jews included: Source D A German newspaper article titled ‘Who is the enemy?’ blames the Jews for destroying social order and claims the Jews want war Source E The laws passed against the Jews included: April 1933 - Jews are not allowed to be members of sports clubs Jan 1936 - Jewish people must hand in their bikes and radios Nov 1938 - Jewish children can only play with other Jewish children and no-one else Nov 1938 - Jewish people are not allowed to attend the cinema Apr 1939 - Jewish people can be thrown out of their homes at any time Sept 1939 - Jews must be at home from 8pm in the winter and 9pm in the summer July 1940 - Jewish people are not allowed to use telephones Sept 1941 - Jewish people over 6 years of age must wear a yellow star May 1942 - Jewish people may not keep pets June 1942 - Jewish children are not allowed to go to school

Kristallnacht Source A Jewish people being escorted from their home Stands for ‘The Night of the Broken Glass’ In November 1938. a young Jew killed a German diplomat in Paris and the Nazis used this as an excuse to launch a violent revenge on the Nazis SS officer, who were out of uniform, were issued with pickaxes and hammers and the addresses of Jewish businesses They smashed up Jewish shops and workplaces, and burnt down hundreds of synagogues 91 Jews were murdered, 20,000 were taken to concentration camps and many more left the country before it was too late Source A Jewish people being escorted from their home Source C A Jewish synagogue on fire during Kristallnacht Source B A destroyed Jewish shop Ghetto

From a modern history website Source D From a modern history website After Goebbels speech, the assembled regional Party leaders issued instructions to their local offices. Violence began to erupt in various parts of the Reich throughout the late evening and early morning hours of November 9–10. At 1:20 a.m. on November 10, Reinhard Heydrich, in his capacity as head of the Security Police (Sicherheitspolizei) sent an urgent telegram to headquarters and stations of the State Police and to SA leaders in their various districts, which contained directives regarding the riots. SA and Hitler Youth units throughout Germany and its annexed territories engaged in the destruction of Jewish-owned homes and businesses; members of many units wore civilian clothes to support the fiction that the disturbances were expressions of 'outraged public reaction.' Source E The front page of the New York Times, following Kristallnacht Ghetto

Ghettos Jewish people would be moved to special sealed off areas in cities called ghettos They would be taken from their homes at any point, and be expected to leave most of their belongings behind Able bodied Jews were used for work in the ghettos, but the old and the young were left to suffer in the horrendous conditions Food, water and supplies were poorly available, and there was huge overcrowding, resulting in the death of many Jews in the ghettos Source A From a diary by Abraham Lewin, who was in the Warsaw Ghetto. Sunday 26 July 1942. ‘The “ Action” continues. The buildings at 10-12 Nowolipie Street are surrounded. Shouts and screams. Outside my window they are checking papers and arresting people. Human life is dependant on some little piece of paper. It is really enough to drive you insane.’ Source C A survivor remembers her first days in a ghetto in Vilna, Poland. ‘As we entered, we were directed to a house that would have been occupied by a family of four to six people under normal conditions. Now 25 to 30 of us were crammed in. Everybody was searching for a place to sleep. I was lucky. My mother found an empty space under a table and that became my bed. Going to the synagogue, praying and studying about our religion were absolutely forbidden. The Germans wanted to break the Jewish spirit and morale.’ Source B A map showing the Warsaw Ghetto Ghetto

Photographs of the conditions of the ghettos Sources D, E and F Photographs of the conditions of the ghettos Ghetto

The Final Solution Source A The gates of Auchwitz death camp. The sign reads ‘Work will set you free’. The Final Solution Special SS units called the Einstatzgruppen were ordered to stage mass killings of the Jewish people – they rounded thousands of them up, got them to dig their own graves, then shot their victims At the Wannsee Conference in 1942, the Nazis decided on a more ‘efficient’ way of murdering the Jewish population (they thought the bullets used in the shootings were costing too much money) They decided to set up Death Camps, such as the one at Auschwitz, were up to 200 people at once could be killed in the gas chambers followed by the burning of the bodies On arrival a person was either kept for work or sent straight to the gas chambers Over 6 millions Jews were put to death in these camps, as well as over 5 million over undesirables Source B Pincus, an Auschwitz inmate talks about his experience from the camp When we left the ghetto, they put us on cattle trains. They packed 100 to 120 people into a sealed car. There was no food on the train. Fortunately it took us only about two days to get to the concentration camp. Train from places farther east or south, like Greece, sometimes took ten days. Many of the people on these trains did not survive the trip. When we got to Auschwitz, we had to undress completely and line up before the gate. We had to line up in fives. A Nazi officer was pointing left, right, right, left. I was fortunate. I went to the right. The ones to the left went to the crematorium. The ones to the right went into the camp.

The crematorium at Auschwitz death camp Source C The Einstatzgruppen targeting Jewish victims who dig their own graves before being shot Source D A document issued at the Wannsee Conference showing the population of the Jews in Europe that the Nazis intend to exterminate, including that of England Source E The crematorium at Auschwitz death camp

Past Paper Questions 6-mark Questions Describe the key features of the Nazi Governments policies towards the young in the years 1933-39. (June 2010) Describe the key features of the Nazi Governments policies towards the women in the years 1933-39. (June 2014?)

Past Paper Questions 8-mark Questions - Effect Explain the effects of Nazi policies towards the Jews 1933-38. (Jan 2012) Explain the effects of Nazi policies towards women. (Jun 2013) Explain the effects of the Nazi policies towards young people. (Jun 2014?)

Past Paper Questions 8-mark Questions - Cause Explain why Hitler persecuted the Jews and other minorities in the years 1933-39. (Jan 2010) Explain why Hitler targeted the young in the years 1933-39. (Jun 2014?)

Past Paper Questions 8-mark Questions – Change Explain how the Nuremberg Laws changed the lives of Jews in Germany 1935-39. (Jan 2011) Explain how the position of young people changed in the years 1933-39. (Jan 2010) Explain how the position of Jews changed in the years 1933-39. (Jun 2010) Explain how the standard of living in Germany changed in the years 1933-39. (Jun 2011) Explain how the Nazi government changed the lives of children in Germany. (Jun 2013)

Past Paper Questions 16-mark Questions Was rearmament the most important reason why people supported the Nazi Party in the years 1933–39? (Jan 2011) Was rearmament the policy which had the greatest impact on German economic problems in the years 1933–39? Explain your answer. (Jan 2013) Was the impact of Nazi policies in the years 1933–39 greatest on education? Explain your answer. (Jan 2013)