Figure 1 Four nodes to target when inducing anti-tumour immunity

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Figure 1 Four nodes to target when inducing anti-tumour immunity Figure 1 | Four nodes to target when inducing anti-tumour immunity. Multiple arms of immunity can be modulated to enhance the antitumour function of the immune system. a | Elimination of immune suppression by attenuating suppressor cells and their immune suppressive mediators, and through inhibitory receptor blockade. b | Promoting immunogenic cancer-cell death using targeted therapies. c | Enhancing antigen presenting cell (APC) function using immune adjuvants. d | Promoting effector T-cell and macrophage function using agonists. B7-H-, receptor from the B7 family; BTLA, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator/CD272; α-C-GalCer, α-C-galactosylceramide; CCL-2: chemokine ligand 2; CSF-1, colony stimulating factor 1; CTL, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte; CTLA-4; cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4/CD152; DNAM-1, DNAX accessory molecule-1/CD226; FcγR, fragment crystallizable gamma receptor; α-GalCer, α-galactosylceramide; GITR, glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family related protein; GM-CSF: granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HDAC, histone deacetylase; HIF-1α, on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; HVEM, herpes virus entry mediator; ICOS, inducible T-cell co-stimulator/CD278; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; KIR, killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors; LAG-3, lymphocyte activation gene-3/CD223; M2, M2 macrophage; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell; NKG2A, inhibitory NK cell receptor CD94; OX40, CD134; PD-1, programmed cell death 1/CD279; PD-1H, PD-1 homologue; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; SIRPα, signal-regulatory protein α; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; STING, stimulator of interferon genes; TIGIT, T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains; TH1: type I helper T-cell; Tie2: tunica interna endothelial cell kinase 2; TIM-3, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3; TLR, toll-like receptor; TRAIL-R, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor; TREG, regulatory T-cell; VISTA, V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T-cell activation. Smyth, M. J. et al. (2015) Combination cancer immunotherapies tailored to the tumour microenvironment Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.209