1. (A) Lymph node priming phase: recognition of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) by T-cell receptor (TCR), coactivating CD 28/B7 pathway activation and subsequent intracellular transduction leading to T-cell activity.
(A) Lymph node priming phase: recognition of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) by T-cell receptor (TCR), coactivating CD 28/B7 pathway activation and subsequent intracellular transduction leading to T-cell activity. On the other hand, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) mediated downregulation of T-cell priming can be reverted with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. (B) Effector phase: programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitory interaction in the tumour microenvironment that can be dampened by therapy with immune checkpoint blockade.
Luca Paglialunga et al. ESMO Open 2016;1:e000022
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