1. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2015.173
Figure 3 Activation of antitumour responses by the checkpoint-blocking antibody anti-CTLA-4
Figure 3 | Activation of antitumour responses by the checkpoint-blocking antibody anti-CTLA-4. Upper panel: CTLA-4 is transported to the cell membrane of activated T cells and outcompetes CD28 for binding to CD80/86 expressed on the membrane of APCs, depriving T cells of essential co-stimulatory signals. CTLA-4 blockade reconstitutes productive T-cell responses. Lower panel: CTLA-4 is expressed by TREG cells, which sequester CD80/86 on the APC membrane. CD80/86–CTLA-4 ligation induces APCs to secrete IDO and IL-10, which display strong immunosuppressive activities. CTLA-4-blocking antibodies reinvigorate T-cell responses and alleviate the immunosuppressive tumour environment via ADCC-mediated TREG cell elimination. Abbreviations: ADCC, antibody-dependent direct cytotoxicity; APC, antigen-presenting cell; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; NK, natural killer; TCR, T-cell receptor; TREG cell, regulatory T cell.
Prieto, J. et al. (2015) Immunological landscape and immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma
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