1. Nat. Rev. Urol. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2016.103
Figure 1 Selected immune therapies under investigation for renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
Figure 1 | Selected immune therapies under investigation for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Checkpoint inhibitors under investigation include the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors ipilimumab and tremelimumab, the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors nivolumab (which is FDA approved), pembrolizumab and pidilizumab, and the programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors atezolizumab, BMS , durvalumab, and avelumab. Vaccine strategies investigated in RCC include the single peptide vaccines TroVax® and TG4010, the dendritic cell vaccine AGS-003, and the multipeptide vaccine IMA901. Adoptive T-cell therapies such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are also being investigated. Multiple T-cell agonists have been or are being studied, including the cytokines IL-2, IFNγ, and IL-21, as well as agonist antibodies to the co-stimulatory molecules CD137, OX40, CD27 and GITR.
Carlo, M. I. et. al. (2016) Checkpoint inhibitors and other novel immunotherapies for advanced renal cell carcinoma
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