Figure 3 Altered adaptive immune functions after sepsis

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Figure 3 Altered adaptive immune functions after sepsis Figure 3 | Altered adaptive immune functions after sepsis. The adaptive immune response is altered after sepsis in patients and in mice. Sepsis affects the effector functions and phenotypes of T cells, B cells and innate-type lymphocytes, such as natural killer (NK) cells. Cytotoxicity in NK cells, IFNγ production in T lymphocytes and cellular proliferation in B lymphocytes are reduced, whereas the expression of immune checkpoint inhibitors is increased in NK cells and T lymphocytes. The proportions of exhausted and regulatory T cells and B cells are elevated after sepsis, when these cell types play a major part in regulating effector lymphocyte functions. CTLA4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte protein 4; HLA-DR, HLA class II histocompatibility DR; Ig, immunoglobulin; GM-CSF, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; LAG3, lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein; NKT, natural killer T; PD1, programmed cell death protein 1; PDL1, programmed cell death 1 ligand 1; TCR, T cell receptor; TGFβ, transforming growth factor-β; TIM3, T cell immunoglobulin mucin receptor 3. Venet, F. & Monneret, G. (2017) Advances in the understanding and treatment of sepsis-induced immunosuppression Nat. Rev. Nephrol. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2017.165