The Age of Reason and Science Enlightenment The Age of Reason and Science

What is the Enlightenment? Describe in your own words. Journal #1 What is the Enlightenment? Describe in your own words.

I. Age of Absolutism 1500s-1700s Absolute Monarchy- King or queen has absolute power over their country & citizens Divine right- doctrine that monarchs derive their right to rule directly from God and are accountable only to God.

II. Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679(England) A. Social Contract T.H. believed that humans were _________&_____ T.H. believed that people needed to form a_________ with their government

“war…of every man against every man .” and life would be solitary, poor, nasty, Brutish, & short.”

Leviathan

Voltaire’s “Wisdom” (II) Judge of a man by his questions rather than by his answers. Men are equal; it is not birth, but virtue that makes the difference. Prejudice is opinion without judgment. The way to become boring is to say everything. I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.

Voltaire’s “Wisdom” (I) Every man is guilty of all the good he didn’t do. God is a comedian playing to an audience too afraid to laugh. If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him. It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong. Love truth and pardon error.

II . Hobbes (cont) B. Leviathan People needed a strong gov. to keep them under control Hobbs advocated a _________ as the ideal form of gov.

III. John Locke* A. Natural Rights- _________,_______&________ ___ B. People have the ability to______ C. J.L. believed that the purpose of gov. was to__________ D. believed in a social contract but, that people had the right to _________________ if the government was oppressive

Thomas Jefferson III. John Locke (Cont) E. Believed in the consent of the governed Thomas Jefferson

U.S Declaration of Independence We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its Foundation on such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

IV. Baron De Montesquieu * A. Spirit of Laws 1748 B. Separation of Powers ( 3branches of gov.) _________ C. Separation of powers is found in ___________,________, &_________

IV. Jean Jacques Rousseau Social Contract- an agreement among a whole society that it would be governed by the ___________. Had a great influence on the French revolutionaries of 1789. His attacks on private property inspired the communists of the 19c such as Karl Marx.

The Royal Academy of Sciences, Paris

A Parisian Salon

Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.”

Cesare Beccaria- No cruel or unusual punishment Ideas found in the 8th amendment

Drawing and quartering

The American “Philosophes” John Adams (1745-1826) Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) Ben Franklin (1706-1790) …...…life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…………...

A Parisian Salon