Figure 2 Systemic immune responses to cryptococcal antigen

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Figure 2 Systemic immune responses to cryptococcal antigen are associated with survival in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis Figure 2 | Systemic immune responses to cryptococcal antigen are associated with survival in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis at first presentation to hospital, and stimulated ex vivo with cryptococcal mannoprotein antigen, known to contain important T-cell epitopes. The Figure depicts the functional phenotypes of the responses specific to cryptococcal antigen in patients who were alive 2 weeks after the infection and in patients who died. Flow cytometry results show the proportion of CD4+ memory T cells that (as a specific response to cryptococcal antigen) produce IFN-γ, IL-2, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), and combinations of these cytokines at baseline. Patients who survived had a higher proportion of T cells that produced IFN-γ, TNF, and both, whereas in patients who died, the responses were dominated by T cells producing only MIP-1α. Adapted with permission from Oxford Journals. © Jarvis, J. N. et al. The phenotype of the Cryptococcus-specific CD4+ memory T-cell response is associated with disease severity and outcome in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. J. Infect. Dis. 207, 1817–1828 (2013). Adapted with permission from Oxford Journals. © Jarvis, J. N. et al. The phenotype of the Cryptococcus-specific CD4+ memory T-cell response is associated with disease severity and outcome in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. J. Infect. Dis. 207, 1817–1828 (2013). Williamson, P. R. et al. (2016) Cryptococcal meningitis: epidemiology, immunology, diagnosis and therapy Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.167