How do individuals and groups with different genes arise? Evolution… Does it occur? How does it occur?

Information flow in cells CB 5.25 Information flow in cells Protein

The relationship between DNA and genes a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein promoter coding region terminator non-gene DNA

Genes are the parts of DNA that contain information. CB 5.25 Genes are the parts of DNA that contain information. Protein

Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein. CB 17.4 Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.

For life to exist, the information (genes) must be passed on. CB 13.5 For life to exist, the information (genes) must be passed on. 1. Genes act as units of heredity 5. Genes are replicators (selfish gene)

As organisms reproduce the DNA is passed on to the next generations. CB 13.5 As organisms reproduce the DNA is passed on to the next generations.

Mitosis

Chains of DNA can store information:

Complementary base pairs suggest how DNA replication occurs

When DNA is replicated, mutations can occur.

CB 13.5 DNA must be replicated before it can be passed on. How it is passed on and how it gets modified impacts evolution.

Mutations: Sickle-cell anemia CB 17.23 Mutations: Sickle-cell anemia

CB 5.21 Differences in amino acid sequence lead to differences in 3-D shape and different functionalities

Correlation of malaria and sickle-cell anemia CB 23.10

How do individuals and groups with different genes arise? Evolution… Does it occur? How does it occur?

Does evolution occur?

As DNA changes; traits change. Protein

Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce.

Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce. These changes are based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O Apply antibiotic X X X O O O X X X O O O O X X X X O O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant.

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O Apply antibiotic Continues to replicate O X X X O O O X X X O O O O X X X X O O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant.

Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O Apply antibiotic Continues to replicate O X X X O O O X X X O O O O O O O X X X X O O O O O O O O Kills most bacteria. Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant. O O O O Population of resistant bacteria

Reproductive success = evolutionary success

Natural Selection: Individuals that are most successful at reproducing will pass on more of their genetic information.

Individuals are selected… But populations evolve via changes in DNA during reproduction.

A population that can produce fertile offspring Who evolves?…Species. A. leucurus A. harrisi A population that can produce fertile offspring A population that does reproduce **A population sharing genetic information** CB 24.6

X Horse Donkey = Mule

X Horse Donkey So…horses and donkeys are not the same species. = Mule (sterile)

A population that can produce fertile offspring Who evolves?…Species. A. leucurus A. harrisi A population that can produce fertile offspring A population that does reproduce **A population sharing genetic information** CB 24.6

Reproductive success = Evolutionary success

Reproductive success = Evolutionary success www.jayhosler.com

Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce

For natural selection to take place the following conditions must be met… Not all individuals can reproduce Genetic diversity gives rise to individuals with different traits

Genetic diversity is needed for natural selection to occur. CB 23.12 Reproduction/ Selection

Artificial Selection

from Teosinte Maize By artificial selection that began ~10,000 years ago.

Different foods from one species of plant. Created by artificial selection. CB 22.10

Wild member of Brassica oleracea: small side buds Artificial selection Number of Individuals Size of buds (cm) 1 2 3 1. Select individuals that have the largest side buds and breed them. 2. Of the offspring, select individuals that have the largest side buds and breed them. 3. Of the offspring, 4. After several generations, bud size increases dramatically. Figure: 1.3a Caption: (a) This plant is a wild member of the mustard family. It is the progenitor of broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and other domesticated plants. Brussels sprouts: extremely large side buds

DNA is passed from generation to generation, and therefore can tell us about relationships between species.

How are we related to our ancestors, and where did we come from?

How old am I? CB 34.43

1.7 million-year-old human ancestor CB 34.43

More than 10,000 years ago: Hunter-Gatherer

~10,000 to 200 years ago: Farming-Ranching

Last 200 years: Industrialization

Agricultural Hunter- Gatherer Industrial

The earth is covered in humans. How did this occur?