1. How old am I? Exam #1 F 2/13 Bonuses posted

2. 1.7 million-year-old human ancestor

3. DNA is passed from generation to generation, and therefore can tell us about relationships between species. Fig 34.40

4. How are we related to our ancestors, and where did we come from? Fig 34.42

5. More than 10,000 years ago: Hunter-Gatherer

6. ~10,000 to 200 years ago: Farming-Ranching

7. Last 200 years: Industrialization

8. Hunter- Gatherer Agricultural Industrial

9. The earth is covered in humans. How did this occur?

10. Human DNA is divided into 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

11. X 23 in humans X 23 in humans X 23 in humans Each of us are a combination of DNA from mom and dad.

12. Mitochondria an Animal Cell

13. mitochondria Only the egg provides mitochondria to the offspring.

14. Mom provides 50.000275% and Dad provides 49.999825% of DNA to offspring. … because Mom provides 100% of mitochondrial DNA

15. mitochondria Traits coded for by mtDNA are inherited only through mother

16. Mitochondrial DNA comparisons can be used to trace ancestry:

17. Tsar’s Family During the Bolshevik revolution, the Tsar’s family was captured and executed.

18. Tsar’s Family There are many stories about what happened to their youngest daughter Anastasia

20. Anna Anderson, claimed she was Anastasia

21. Anna Anderson claimed she was Anastasia, but tests of her mtDNA and one of Anastasia’s maternal relatives did not match.

22. For more info check out: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_Russia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_Russia Or the book “Seven Daughters of Eve” by Bryan Sykes

23. When did these migrations take place?

24. Non-Coding DNA is used for comparisons between individuals

25. Fig 1 Only DNA that is successfully passed on can be used to trace the past.

26. Fig 1 and 4 As DNA is passed on mutations take place

27. Fig 4

28. By determining the average time between mutations, we can estimate the time of the last common ancestor.

29. Fig 4 The mutation rate in human mtDNA is one nucleotide change per 20,000 years. OR A difference of one nucleotide between two people indicates a common relative 10,000 years ago.

30. Multiregional hypothesis “Out of Africa” hypothesis Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens

31. 7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 1 Relationships of different populations using mtDNA ~150,000ya

32. Multiregional hypothesis “Out of Africa” hypothesis Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens X

33. 7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2 Relationships of different people using mtDNA.

34. 7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2 Relationships of different people using mtDNA.

35. 7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2 Relationships of different people using mtDNA.

36. 7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2 From Science v298 12/20/02 pg 2381 93-95% of genetic variation within population. 3-5% of genetic variation occurs between populations. Relationships of different people using mtDNA.

37. “Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: the Fallacy of Race” by Ashley Montagu

38. Next: Are we genetically Programed to be racist? Exam #1 F 2/13 Bonuses posted