1. Exam #3 W 12/5 at 7-8:30pm in ETC 2. 108 for the 9am class and ECJ 1
Exam #3 W 12/5 at 7-8:30pm in ETC for the 9am class and ECJ for the noon class
Review T 12/4 at 5pm in WRW 102
Homework #4 due 12/3 (if needed)
Year End Topics:
mtDNA
Mapping
Probability
Evolution and the Origin of Humans

2. It is rarely this simple.
Genotype
Phenotype
Genes code for proteins (or RNA). These gene products give rise to traits…
It is rarely this simple.
Figs

3. The relationship between genes and traits is often complex
Complexities include:
Complex relationships between alleles
Multiple genes controlling one trait
One gene controlling multiple traits
Environmental effects

4. What is different about these plants?

5. Environmental Variation
grown in
acidic soil
grown in
basic soil

6. The relationship between genes and traits is often complex
Complexities include:
Complex relationships between alleles
Multiple genes controlling one trait
One gene controlling multiple traits
Environmental effects

7. Inheritance can be predicted by probability

8. Probability of two 4’s in a row= 1/6x1/6=1/36
Probability of a 4= 1/6
Probability of two 4’s in a row= 1/6x1/6=1/36
Fig 3.07

9. Probability of 3 or 4 = 1/6+1/6= 1/3
Fig 3.07

10. “and” multiply
“or” add
Fig 3.07

11. Sickled and normal red blood cells
Fig 6.5

12. Huntington’s Disease
D=disease
d=normal
Neurological disease, symptoms begin around 40 years old.

13. Mom = dd Dad = Dd Dad D or d possible offspring 50% Huntington’s
D=disease
d=normal
Huntington’s Disease
Mom = dd
Dad = Dd
Dad
D or d
possible offspring
50% Huntington’s
50% Normal Dd
d or d dd
Mom Dd dd

14. Two different people:
One with Huntington’s disease = Dd Hh
One without Huntington’s disease = dd Hh
mate. What is the probability that their offspring will have Huntington’s disease and sickle cell anemia? (Dd hh)

15. Probability of each outcome: Probability of Dd (Ddxdd) = .5
Two people:
One with Huntington’s disease = Dd Hh
One without Huntington’s disease = dd Hh
mate. What is the probability that their offspring will have Huntington’s disease and sickle cell anemia? Dd hh
Probability of each outcome:
Probability of Dd (Ddxdd) = .5
Probability of hh (HhxHh) = .25

16. Probability of each outcome: Probability of Dd (Ddxdd) = .5
Two people:
One with Huntington’s disease = Dd Hh
One without Huntington’s disease = dd Hh
mate. What is the probability that their offspring will have Huntington’s disease and sickle cell anemia? Dd hh
Probability of each outcome:
Probability of Dd (Ddxdd) = .5
Probability of hh (HhxHh) = .25
Multiply both probabilities .25 X.5 = 12.5%
chance Dd hh offspring

17. How do individuals and groups with different genes arise?
Evolution…
Does it occur?
If so, how does it occur?

18. Does evolution occur?

19. As DNA changes;
traits change.
Protein

20. Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce.

21. Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce. These changes are based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.

22. Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted
Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O

23. Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted
Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O
Apply
antibiotic X X X O O O X X X O O O O X X X X O O O O
Kills most bacteria.
Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant.

24. Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted
Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O
Apply
antibiotic
Continues to replicate O X X X O O O X X X O O O O X X X X O O O O
Kills most bacteria.
Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant.

25. Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted
Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O
Apply
antibiotic
Continues to replicate O X X X O O O X X X O O O O O O O X X X X O O O O O O O O
Kills most bacteria.
Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant. O O O O
Population of resistant bacteria

26. Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce. These changes are based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.