1. Getting from DNA to proteins

2. Information flow in cells Protein CB 5.26

3. a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein The relationship between DNA and genes promotercoding regionterminatornon-gene DNA

4. Five Perspectives about Genes: 1.Genes act as units of heredity 2.Genes are seen as a cause of disease 3.Genes code for proteins 4.Genes act as switches, controlling development 5.Genes are replicators (selfish gene)

5. Genes act as units of heredity…storing and passing on information. CB 14.15

6. Genes act as units of heredity… storing and passing on information.

7. Genes are seen as a cause of disease Mutations in the gene GPR143 lead to one form of albinism (http://www.albinism.org/publications/what_is_albinism.html)

8. Genes are seen as a cause of disease

9. Protein Genes code for proteins CB 5.26

10. Proteins are the “doers” of the cell. They act as: Enzymes Structural Support Transporters Signals Genes code for proteins…

11. Genes act as switches, controlling development

13. Genes are replicators (selfish gene) CB 21.7

14. CB 19.4 Viruses infect living cells, take over, and produce more virus.

15. Bodies are vessels for the transmission of genes

16. a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein The relationship between DNA and genes promotercoding regionterminatornon-gene DNA

17. Five Perspectives about Genes: 1.Genes act as units of heredity 2.Genes are seen as a cause of disease 3.Genes code for proteins 4.Genes act as switches, controlling development 5.Genes are replicators (selfish gene)

18. Protein Genes code for proteins CB 5.26

19. Chains of DNA nucleotides store information:

20. CB 16.7 In cells, DNA is a double-stranded helix

21. ? 4 nucleotides in DNA 20 amino acids in proteins

22. How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids? If Ratio (nucleotide:amino acid)Possible combinations 1:14 1 = 4

23. How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids? If Ratio (nucleotide:amino acid)Possible combinations 1:14 1 = 4 2:14 2 = 16

24. How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids? If Ratio (nucleotide:amino acid)Possible combinations 1:14 1 = 4 2:14 2 = 16 3:14 3 = 64

25. CB 17.4 Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.

26. How can 4 nucleotides code for 20 amino acids? If Ratio (nucleotide:amino acid)Possible combinations 1:14 1 = 4 2:14 2 = 16 3:14 3 = 64 There are more possible combinations of nucleotides than amino acids: redundancy

27. CB 17.5 the Genetic Code

28. Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a single nucleotide change in the hemoglobin gene CB 5.22

29. Changes in DNA can change the protein

30. CB 17.4 Changing the number of nucleotides in a gene is more dramatic than changing a nucleotide

31. The fat cat ate the rat. change one letter The zat cat ate the rat.

32. The fat cat ate the rat. change one letter The zat cat ate the rat. The atc ata tet her at. delete one letter

33. CB 17.4 Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein. What does RNA do?

34. Protein RNA moves the information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where the protein is made? Both proteins and RNA are involved in the processes CB 5.26

35. Differences between DNA and RNA

36. CB 17.4 DNA is long and contains many genes; RNA is short and represents one gene.

37. Only a small percent of DNA codes for proteins CB 19.14

38. DNA Composition: In humans: Each cell contains ~6 billion nucleotides of DNA. This DNA is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide.

39. Width of DNA Length of human DNA in each cell The length of DNA in each of your cells is longer than you are tall.

40. DNA Composition: In humans: Each cell contains ~6 billion base pairs of DNA. This DNA is ~2 meters long and 2 nm wide. ~1.5% directly codes for amino acids ~25% is genes In a single human cell only about 5-10% of genes are expressed at a time.

41. Information flow in cells Protein Fig 5.26

42. Fig 13.5 As organisms reproduce the DNA is passed on to the next generations.

43. Mitosis Fig 12.6

44. DNA replication precedes cell division Fig 12.6

45. DNA nucleotides come in pairs Fig 5.27

46. Complementary base pairs suggest how DNA replication occurs Fig 16.9

47. When DNA is replicated, mutations occur.

48. Fig 13.5 DNA must be replicated before it can be passed on. How it is passed on and how it gets modified impacts evolution.

49. Mutations: Sickle-cell anemia Fig 17.22

50. Correlation of malaria and sickle-cell anemia Fig 23.17

51. How do individuals and groups with different genes arise? Evolution… What is it? How does it occur?