© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 4-1 Classifying Epithelia © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Simple Squamous Epithelium Figure 4-4a Simple Epithelia. Simple Squamous Epithelium LOCATIONS: Epithelia lining ventral body cavities; lining heart and blood vessels; portions of kidney tubules (thin sections of nephron loops); inner lining of cornea; alveoli (air sacs) of lungs Cytoplasm Nucleus FUNCTIONS: Reduces friction; controls vessel permeability; performs absorption and secretion Connective tissue LM x 238 Lining of peritoneal cavity

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Figure 4-4b Simple Epithelia. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium LOCATIONS: Glands; ducts; portions of kidney tubules; thyroid gland Connective tissue FUNCTIONS: Limited protection, secretion, absorption Nucleus Cuboidal cells Basement membrane Kidney tubule LM x 650

Simple Columnar Epithelium Figure 4-4c Simple Epithelia. Simple Columnar Epithelium LOCATIONS: Lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of kidneys Microvilli Cytoplasm FUNCTIONS: Protection, secretion, absorption Nucleus Basement membrane Connective tissue Intestinal lining LM x 350 .

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Figure 4-5a Stratified Epithelia. Stratified Squamous Epithelium LOCATIONS: Surface of skin; lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina Squamous superficial cells Stem cells FUNCTIONS: Provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack Basement membrane Connective tissue Surface of tongue LM x 310

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium Figure 4-5b Stratified Epithelia. Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium LOCATIONS: Lining of nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi; portions of male reproductive tract Cilia Cytoplasm Nuclei FUNCTIONS: Protection, secretion, move mucus with cilia Basement membrane Connective tissue Trachea LM x 350

Transitional Epithelium Figure 4-5c Stratified Epithelia. Transitional Epithelium LOCATIONS: Urinary bladder; renal pelvis; ureters Epithelium (relaxed) FUNCTIONS: Permits expansion and recoil after stretching Basement membrane Connective tissue and smooth muscle layers LM x 400 Empty bladder Epithelium (stretched) Basement membrane Connective tissue and smooth muscle layers Full bladder LM x 400 Urinary bladder

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 4-2 A Classification of Exocrine Glands © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mast cell Fibroblast Stem cell Figure 4-8 Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper. Reticular fibers Mast cell Elastic fibers Fixed macrophage Antibody producing cell Free macrophage Collagen fibers Blood in vessel Fibroblast Stem cell Adipocytes (fat cells) Ground substance White blood cell

Areolar Tissue Figure 4-9a Loose Connective Tissues. LOCATIONS: Beneath dermis of skin, digestive tract, respiratory and urinary tracts; between muscles; around blood vessels, nerves, and around joints Collagen fibers Mast cell Fat cell Fibroblasts FUNCTIONS: Cushions organs; provides support but permits independent movement; phagocytic cells provide defense against pathogens Elastic fibers Macrophage Areolar tissue LM x 400

Adipose Tissue Adipose tissue LOCATIONS: Deep to the skin, Figure 4-9b Loose Connective Tissues. Adipose Tissue LOCATIONS: Deep to the skin, especially at sides, buttocks, breasts; padding around eyes and kidneys Adipocytes FUNCTIONS: Provides padding and cushions shocks; insulates (reduces heat loss); stores energy LM x 300 Adipose tissue .

Reticular Tissue Reticular tissue LOCATIONS: Liver, kidney, spleen, Figure 4-9c Loose Connective Tissues. Reticular Tissue LOCATIONS: Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow FUNCTIONS: Provides supporting framework Reticular fibers Reticular tissue from liver LM x 375 Reticular tissue

Dense Regular Connective Tissue Figure 4-10a Dense Connective Tissues. Dense Regular Connective Tissue LOCATIONS: Between skeletal muscles and skeleton (tendons and aponeuroses); between bones or stabilizing positions of internal organs (ligaments); covering skeletal muscles; deep fasciae Collagen fibers FUNCTIONS: Provides firm attachment; conducts pull of muscles; reduces friction between muscles; stabilizes relative positions of bones Fibroblast nuclei Tendon LM x 440 .

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Figure 4-10b Dense Connective Tissues. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue LOCATIONS: Capsules of visceral organs; periostea and perichondria; nerve and muscle sheaths; deep dermis of the skin FUNCTIONS: Provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions; helps prevent overexpansion of organs such as the urinary bladder Collagen fiber bundles Deep dermis LM x 111

Figure 4-11a Types of Cartilage. Hyaline Cartilage LOCATIONS: Between tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial joints; supporting larynx (voice box), trachea, and bronchi; forming part of nasal septum Chondrocytes in lacunae FUNCTIONS: Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between bony surfaces Matrix LM x 500 Hyaline cartilage

Elastic Cartilage Figure 4-11b Types of Cartilage. Elastic cartilage LOCATIONS: Auricle of external ear; epiglottis; auditory canal; cuneiform cartilages of larynx Chondrocyte In lacuna FUNCTIONS: Provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape Elastic fibers in matrix LM x 358 Elastic cartilage

Figure 4-11c Types of Cartilage. Fibrocartilage LOCATIONS: Pads within knee joint; between pubic bones of pelvis; intervertebral discs FUNCTIONS: Resists compression; prevents bone-to-bone contact; limits movement Chondrocytes in lacunae Fibrous matrix LM x 400 Fibrocartilage .

Table 4-3 A Comparison of Cartilage and Bone

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-13 Tissue Membranes. Mucous membranes are coated with the secretions of mucous glands. These membranes line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. Mucous secretion Epithelium Lamina propria (areolar tissue) Serous membranes line the ventral body cavities (the perito-neal, pleural, and pericardial cavities). Serous fluid Epithelium Areolar tissue The cutaneous membrane, or skin, covers the outer surface of the body. Epithelium Areolar tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Articular (hyaline) cartilage Synovial membranes line joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint. Synovial fluid Capsule Capillary Adipocytes Areolar tissue Synovial membrane Epithelium Bone © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Skeletal Muscle Tissue Figure 4-14a Muscle Tissue. Skeletal Muscle Tissue Cells are long, cylindrical, striated, and multinucleate. Nuclei LOCATIONS: Combined with connective tissues and neural tissue in skeletal muscles FUNCTIONS: Moves or stabilizes the position of the skeleton; guards entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; generates heat; protects internal organs Muscle fiber Striations LM x 180 Skeletal muscle

Cardiac Muscle Tissue Cardiac muscle Figure 4-14b Muscle Tissue. Cells are short, branched, and striated, usually with a single nucleus; cells are interconnected by intercalated discs. Nucleus Cardiac muscle cells LOCATION: Heart FUNCTIONS: Circulates blood; maintains blood (hydrostatic) pressure Intercalated discs Striations LM x 450 Cardiac muscle

Smooth Muscle Tissue Smooth muscle Figure 4-14c Muscle Tissue. Cells are short, spindle-shaped, and nonstriated, with a single, central nucleus. LOCATIONS: Found in the walls of blood vessels and in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs Nucleus Smooth muscle cell FUNCTIONS: Moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions; controls diameter of respiratory passageways; regulates diameter of blood vessels LM x 235 Smooth muscle

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-15 Neural Tissue. Brain Nuclei of neuroglia Cell body Nucleus of neuron Spinal cord Cell body Axon terminals Axon Dendrites Axon LM x 600 Neuron Photomicrograph of neuron cell body © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.