Classification of Matter

STATES OF MATTER Solids Particles packed close together Particles are organized Particles have a fixed position Vibrating and rotating motion Definite shape and volume

Liquids Particles are farther apart than solids Particles are free to slide past one another, able to flow Particles have higher energy than solids Definite volume and no definite shape

Gases Particles very far apart from each other Particles travel in a random manner Particles have the highest energy No definite shape or volume Low density Compressible

Phase Changes Solid to liquid is called ___________________. Melting Liquid to solid is called ___________________. Freezing Liquid to gas is called ____________________. Evaporation Gas to liquid is called ____________________. Condensation

Phase Changes Solid to gas is called ______________________. Sublimation Gas to solid is called ______________________. Deposition

Energy Changes Changes that absorb energy are called _______. Endothermic Changes that release energy are called _______. Exothermic

Phase and Energy Changes What phase changes are endothermic? Melting, evaporation, sublimation What phase changes are exothermic? Freezing, condensation, deposition

Classification of Matter All matter can be divided into 2 categories. Pure Substances Mixtures

Classification of Matter Pure Substance – Matter that has only 1 set of chemical and physical properties. Example: Pure water always has the exact same chemical and physical properties under the same conditions.

Pure Substances Pure substances can also be divided into 2 categories: compounds and elements.

Pure Substances Compound – Two or more elements chemically bonded together. Examples: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Water (H2O) Salt (NaCl) Sucrose (C12H22O11)

Pure Substances Compounds have only 1 set of properties. They cannot be separated by any physical process. - Can only be separated by a chemical reaction. Water can be separated into Hydrogen and Oxygen by a process called Electrolysis.

Pure Substances Elements – Substances made up of only one type of atom. - Cannot be separated by any physical OR chemical process. Examples: Carbon Helium Gold

Mixtures Mixture – Two or more pure substances mixed together. Each substance in the mixture retains its own set of chemical and physical properties. Even though it may look different, it is still copper and zinc. Each metal retains its own properties like melting point. Example: Copper and Zinc can be mixed together to produce brass.

Mixtures Mixture – Two or more pure substances mixed together. Each substance in the mixture retains its own set of chemical and physical properties. Unlike pure substances, mixtures can always be separated by physical means. How could we separate the copper and zinc back out?

Mixtures Mixture – Two or more pure substances mixed together. Each substance in the mixture retains its own set of chemical and physical properties. If a sample of sand contains iron and salt, how could you separate them from the other minerals?

Mixtures Heterogeneous mixture – mixture that is not uniform - You can see the different parts. Examples: Sand Granite Wood

Mixtures Heterogeneous mixture – mixture that is not uniform - You can see the different parts. Examples: Milk Blood

Mixtures Homogeneous Mixture – mixture that is uniform (solution) - Cannot see the parts. Salt water contains salt and water, but it is uniform (homogeneous). It can still be separated by physical means. Seawater distillation plant

Separating Mixtures Filtering Can you filter a salt water solution?

Separating Mixtures Distillation Method of separating mixtures based on differences in boiling points.

Differences between Compounds and Mixtures Homogeneous Separated by chemical means Different properties from its components Definite composition Ex: C12H22O11

Mixtures Heterogeneous Separated by physical means Components retain their properties No definite composition

Matter Mixture Element Pure Substance Compound Can be separated physically Cannot be separated physically Mixture Pure Substance Cannot see the parts Can be separated chemically Can see the parts Cannot be separated Heterogeneous Mixture Homogeneous Mixture (Solution) Compound Element