1. States of matter and Classification of Matter
CHAPTERS 14.1 and 15
States of matter and
Classification of Matter

2. Classification of Matter
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
WHAT IS MATTER?
WHAT ARE THE STATES OF MATTER?
HOW DO WE CLASSIFY MATTER?
WHAT ARE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES?

3. Matter Anything that has mass and volume Found in a variety of forms
Can be changed from one form to another (Law of Conservation of Mass)

4. States of Matter
Kinetic Theory of Matter – states that all particles of matter are in constant motion
The rate at which atoms in a substance move determines its state

5. Solid Molecules tightly linked together in a definite shape
Vibrate in place
Fixed volume and shape

6. Liquid Molecules NOT as tightly linked as a solid
Maintains a fixed volume
Able to flow & takes the shape of the container

7. Gas Molecules have little or no attraction to each other
Fill the volume of the container
Move very rapidly

8. Plasma MOST COMMON STATE OF MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE!
No definite shape or volume
A portion of the particles
are IONIZED
Acts like a gas but responds
to electromagnetic fields

9. Phase Change
A reversible physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one state of matter to another
Temperature does not change during a phase change
Thermal energy must be added or removed to cause a substance to change state

10. Phase Change Graph

11. Changing States of Matter

12. Changing States of Matter
Endothermic Reactions – absorb energy
Melting – ie. ice cubes
Vaporization – liquid  gas
ie. boiling / evaporation / standing water
Sublimation – solid  gas without liquid phase
ie. dry ice

13. Changing States of Matter
Exothermic Reactions – release energy
Freezing – ie. ice cubes
Condensation – gas  liquid
ie. morning dew
Deposition – gas  solid without liquid phase
ie. frost on windows

14. Changing States of Matter

15. Composition of Matter
Properties of materials are used to classify them.
The two main categories are
PURE SUBSTANCES and
MIXTURES

16. PURE SUBSTANCES A type of matter with a fixed composition.
ELEMENT: a substance that contains ONE TYPE of atom: copper, carbon (graphite/diamond) and oxygen (O2)..

17. PURE SUBSTANCES A type of matter with a fixed composition.
COMPOUND: a substance in which the atoms of two or more elements are combined in a fixed proportion: H2O, CaCO3, CO2, and NaCl.
The compound properties are often different from the elements that make them

18. MIXTURES A type of matter with NO fixed composition.
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES: different materials are distinguished easily: pizza, soup mix, and granite.
Not all are easily recognized

19. MIXTURES
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES: contains two or more gaseous, liquid or solid substances blended evenly throughout: soda, air, sea water, and vinegar.
These are also known as SOLUTIONS: a homogeneous mixture of particles that are CONSTANTLY and UNIFORMLY mixed.

20. MIXTURES
COLLOID: a mixture with particles that are larger than a solution, but not heavy enough to settle out: milk (water, sugars, fats, proteins), paint (oil, pigment, etc), fog (air, liquids), and smoke in air.

21. MIXTURES
SUSPENSIONS: heterogeneous mixture containing a liquid in which the particles settle.

22. Physical Properties of Matter
Physical Properties: Any characteristic of a material that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substances in the material.
E.g. viscosity, conductivity, malleability, hardness, melting point, boiling point, and density are examples of physical properties.

23. PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Using physical properties to separate – sifting, sorting, using a magnet, etc. RECYCLING.
Need to add in slide about Physical

24. Section 15.2: PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL CHANGES OF MATTER
PHYSICAL CHANGE: a change in size, shape, or state of matter. THE IDENTITY REMAINS THE SAME.
These changes may involve energy changes but the properties don’t change. E.g. iron when heated.

25. PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL CHANGES OF MATTER
PHYSICAL CHANGE: a change in size, shape, or state of matter. THE IDENTITY REMAINS THE SAME.
DISTILLATION – Uses a physical change to separate (evaporation). Used in industry.

26. Using Properties to Separate Mixtures
Filtration is another separation method.
Filtration is a process that separates materials based on the size of their particles.
Some examples: Panning for Gold, archaeologist.

27. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES & CHANGES
CHEMICAL PROPERTY – A characteristic of a substance that indicates whether it can undergo a certain chemical change. E.g. flammable, changes color.

28. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES & CHANGES
CHEMICAL CHANGE – produces heat, light, sound, color change, precipitate, and gas bubbles.

29. PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL CHANGES
FOR EXAMPLE: WEATHERING
Physical – rocks broken apart by ice, streams carving away rock, wind moving sand
Chemical – Limestone (CaCO3) changes to gypsum in acid