Warm Up Prompt: Describe what is happening in the cartoon. What countries are participating? Respond in complete sentences!!

China Resists Imperialism

How China Stayed Independent Self-sufficiency = little interest in trade Guangzhou Port TPS: Why is food production so important in an empire? China was able to provide for its people (specifically food) Crop rotation started in 17th & 18th C. w/ intro. of maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts Major (and only) trading post in China was Guangzhou Euro. determined to find a product they could sell to the Chinese in large quantities They found it in opium

Opium War Treaty of Nanjing: peace treaty signed in 1844, gave Brit. Hong Kong What is opium? Narcotic made from the poppy plant, like heroin and morphine Can be used as a pain reliever, but ppl started to use recreationally By 1835, as many as 12 million Chinese ppl were addicted to the drug The Chinese emperor asked the Brit. to stop trading opium, but they refused Opium War: war btwn the Brit. and Chinese

China’s Internal Problems Population was a challenge Predict: What happens where there are more people and not enough food? New society: “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” Here, they would share the wealth and no one would live in poverty Recall: what Western econ. policy is this? This mvm’t was called the Taiping Rebellion (“taiping” meaning “great peace”) # of Ch. grew to 430 mil. in 1850, but food production did not grow at the same rate Compare: US 2013(approx. 316 mil.) & Europe 1900 (approx. 400 mil.)

Taiping Rebellion By the 1850s, rebellion built a massive peasant army of 1 mil. ppl – took over large parts of SE China 1853: Hong captures Nanjing and makes it the capital, Hong gives power of new gov’t to his lieutenants Leaders constant feud among themselves Qing imperial troops and Brit. and Fr. troops started attacking the Taiping By 1864, the Taiping gov’t is defeated At least 20 mil. (maybe x2) ppl died

Dowager Empress Cixi Internal pressure (Taiping Rebellion) and external pressure (Treaty of Nanjing) leave Qing gov’t at odds Some gov’t leaders call for reforms (Westernization), others cling to traditional ways One person in command in Qing imperial palace: Dowager Empress Cixi Dowager Empress Cixi help power from 1862 to 1908 She was committed to traditional values, but did support some reforms EX: self-strengthening mvm’t aimed to update edu. system, diplomatic service, and mil. Factories built to manu. steam-powered gunboats, rifles & ammunition

Sphere of Influence Sphere of influence: an area in which a foreign nation controls trade and investment 1899: U.S. declared the Open Door Policy – China’s “doors” for trade would be open to merchants of all nations TPS: How did “sphere of influence” differ from the Open Door Policy? Throughout the 19th C. many foreign nations took advantage of Ch. problems Treaty nego. after each conflict gave more control of Ch. econ. away Many Euro. countries and Japan gained a foothold in China U.S. was a longtime trading partner of China – worried that spheres of influence would soon become colonies and shut out Am. traders Protected foreign trading rights but kept China from being colonized

Chinese Nationalism Chinese ppl started to demand stronger reforms 1898 the Emperor introduced measures to modernize China – edu., strengthen econ., modernize mil., streamlining the gov’t Dowager Empress brought back to power and reversed the reforms

Boxer Rebellion Frustration over reversed reforms led to frustration which turned violent Poor peasants resented the special privileges for foreigners, formed a secret org. known as the Boxers Boxer Rebellion: campaign against Dowager Empress’ rule and foreigner privileges Spring 1900, the Boxers surrounded the Euro. section of Beijing - under siege for months Dowager Empress expressed support of the Boxers but did not provide mil. aid August 1900: multinational force marched on Beijing and defeated the Boxers Chinese ppl realized they must resist foreign intervention, needed a gov’t that responded to their needs

REMEMBER – it’s about perspectives! Two Perspectives You are to write two short news articles about the Boxer Rebellion. The first will be from the Chinese perspective, the second will be from the European perspective. Each new article should be approximately ½ pg long (2-3 paragraphs), and should summarize the events of the Boxer Rebellion and why the events took place. REMEMBER – it’s about perspectives!