VISION Module 18

Vision We do not see color, we see electromagnetic energy Two physical characteristics of light: Wavelength – the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the next. Determines Hue – the dimension of color Intensity – the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave’s amplitude.

The Eye Cornea – transparent protector Pupil – adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters Iris – a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening Lens – the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina. Accommodation – process of lens changing shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

The Retina Retina – light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information Receives an upside-down version of the image and does not read the image as a whole Its receptor cells convert light energy into neural impulses(transduction) that are sent to the brain and constructed into a perceived, upright image. Receptor cells: rods and cones Rods – retinal receptors that detect black, white, and grey; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones can’t respond. Cones – receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or well-lit conditions. They detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

The Retina Optic nerve – nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain Messages are sent through bipolar cells and ganglion fibers Blind spot – the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there. Fovea – the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster

Visual Information processing Receptor cells  bipolar cells  ganglion cells  optic nerve  thalamus  visual cortex in occipital lobe Feature detectors – nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement Parallel processing – the processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions Visual disabilities occur when there is a disruption of these neural networks Ex- inability to see movement and Blindsight – ability to respond to something not consciously perceived

Color Vision Color – the rejection of the wavelength, our mental construction of the object not actually the object Low threshold for color – can see 1million color variations 1 in 50 color deficient, usually male - genetically sex-linked http://games.xfinity.com/quizzes- games?pb_page=2&game=timbennett 10/can-you-pass-the-color-blind-test

Color Vision 2 color theories: Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory – the theory that the retina contains 3 different color receptors – one most sensitive to red, one to green, and one to blue – which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color Doesn’t explain colorblindness Opponent-process theory – the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green Color processing occurs in two stages: The retina’s red, green, and blue cones respond in varying degrees to different color stimuli (trichromatic theory). Their signals are then processed by the nervous system’s opponent-process cells (opponent-process theory)