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Changing Light Waves to Neural Impulses

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1 Changing Light Waves to Neural Impulses
Vision Changing Light Waves to Neural Impulses

2 Parts of the Visual System
Cornea protective layer of the eye Iris controls the amount of light allowed in the eye Pupil - opening in the eye Lens clear, fibrous muscle that focuses light on the back of the eye accommodation – changing of the shape of the lens Focuses light on the back of the eye

3 Parts of the Visual System
Retina black covering on the back of the eye that contains photoreceptors rods – photoreceptors that react to light and dark stimulus cones – photoreceptors that react to color and provide visual acuity Fovea depression in the center of the visual field contains only cones best detailed vision  Optic Nerve – ganglion cell axons bundled together optic disc – point where optic nerve leaves the eye blind spot – no photoreceptors carries visual info. to the brain

4 Visual Acuity Acuity – sharpness of vision
Good vision vs. poor vision Normal vision = image comes into focus on the retina near-sighted = see objects up close OK, but far objects poorly Objects come into focus in front of retina far-sighted = objects far away OK, but close objects poor Objects focus behind retina

5 Parts of the Eye Review

6 Light Input/Stimulus Wavelength (frequency) Intensity (brightness)
determines the color (hue) red = long wavelength (low frequency) blue = short wavelength (high frequency) Intensity (brightness) determined by the amplitude (height) of the wave high amplitude = bright colors low amplitude = dull colors

7 Light energy begins as white light
Light Stimulus Light energy begins as white light

8 Psychophysics Frequency (length) determines color (hue)
Amplitude (height) determines intensity (brightness)

9 Colors are reflected White light strikes an object
The color we label the object as is REFLECTED to the eye All other colors are absorbed at the object.

10 Transduction in the Retina
light waves strike the retina & cause chemical reactions in rods & cones causes proteins to breakdown based on wavelength and intensity  rods & cones activate bipolar cells rods are grouped to 1 bipolar cell some cones attach to their own bipolar cell bipolar cells activate ganglion cells ganglion cells bundle to form optic nerve send millions of the same time

11 Visual Transduction Review

12 Visual Information Processing
Optic nerves connect to the thalamus in the middle of the brain, and the thalamus connects to the visual cortex. OBJECTIVE 7| Discuss the different levels of processing that occur as information travels from the retina to the brain’s cortex.

13 Feature Detection Nerve cells in the visual cortex respond to specific features, such as edges, angles, and movement. Ross Kinnaird/ Allsport/ Getty Images

14 Shape Detection Specific combinations of temporal lobe activity occur as people look at shoes, faces, chairs and houses. Ishai, Ungerleider, Martin and Haxby/ NIMH

15 Perception in Brain Our perceptions are a combination of sensory (bottom-up) and cognitive (top-down) processes.

16 Visual Information Processing
Processing of several aspects of the stimulus simultaneously is called parallel processing. The brain divides a visual scene into subdivisions such as color, depth, form and movement etc. OBJECTIVE 8| Discuss parallel processing and discuss its role in visual processing.

17 Theories of Color Vision
Trichromatic theory: Based on behavioral experiments, Helmholtz suggested that the retina should contain three receptors that are sensitive to red, blue and green colors. Standard stimulus OBJECTIVE 9| Explain how the Young-Helmholtz and opponent-process theories help us understand color vision. Comparison stimulus Max Medium Low Blue Green Red

18 Subtraction of Colors If three primary colors (pigments) are mixed, subtraction of all wavelengths occurs and the color black is the result.

19 Addition of Colors If three primary colors (lights) are mixed, the wavelengths are added and the color white is the result. Fritz Goro, LIFE magazine, © 1971 Time Warner, Inc.

20 Photoreceptors Blue Cones Green Cones Red Cones MacNichol, Wald and Brown (1967) measured directly the absorption spectra of visual pigments of single cones obtained from the retinas of humans. Short wave Medium wave Long wave

21 Color Blindness Genetic disorder in which people are blind to green or red colors. This supports the Trichromatic theory. Ishihara Test

22 Opponent Colors Gaze at the middle of the flag for about 30
Seconds. When it disappears, stare at the dot and report whether or not you see Britain's flag.

23 Opponent Process Theory
Hering proposed that we process four primary colors combined in pairs of red-green, blue- yellow, and black-white. Cones Retinal Ganglion Cells

24 Color Constancy Color of an object remains the same under different illuminations. However, when context changes the color of an object may look different. OBJECTIVE 10| Explain the importance of color constancy. R. Beau Lotto at University College, London

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