Heart Structure and Function Circulatory System Heart Structure and Function

Our Goal This Section... Describe the parts of the heart and how they work together

Anatomy of the Heart 4 chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricles right side feeds the pulmonary circuit left side feeds the systemic circuit

Atria Receiving chambers Right Atria accepts blood from the anterior and posterior vena cavae (DEOXYGENATED BLOOD) Left Atria accepts blood from the pulmonary veins (OXYGENATED BLOOD)

Atrioventricular Valves Structure: Location: Function: How it works:

Atrioventricular Valves Structure: Flaps of tissue Location: Separate the atria from the ventricles Function: Ensure no back flow of blood in the heart How it works: when the blood pressure in the atria is greater then the blood pressure in the ventricles - valves open (atrial contraction) allowing blood to enter the ventricles

AV Valves

Chordae Tendoneae Tendons Attach AV valves to ventricles Prevent AV valves from inverting when the ventricles contract

Ventricles Contract together to send blood out of the heart Fill with blood when the atria contract Right ventricle contracts causing the AV closed and blood enters pulmonary valve - leads to the pulmonary trunk and then pulmonary arteries Pulmonary arteries take blood to lungs for oxygen In left ventricle the flow of blood is the same except that the blood enters the aortic valve which leads to the aorta Semi-lunar valves

Pulmonary Valve (Semi-lunar valve Aortic Valve (Semi-lunar valve) Chordae Tendineae

Septum Structure: Keeps _________________ and _________________ circuits separate

Septum Structure: Muscular wall separating the left and right side of the heart Keeps pulmonary and systemic circuits separate

Coronary Arteries 1st branches of the aorta Feed heart muscle Coronary veins take blood back to the vena cava when it enters the right atrium

Control of the Heart Sino-atrial (SA) node Atrio-ventricular (AV) node Right Atrium Made of special muscles and nerve cells that can contract without stimuli – will continue beating even outside of the body! SA nodes is along the wall of the atrial chamber AV node is deeper, close to the AV valve

SA Node AV Node Causes atrial contraction Send nerve impulse to the __________________ (causes it to respond) Nicknamed the ____________________ as it initiates the heartbeat AV node uses _______________________to stimulate the massive ventricles Purkinje fibers are nerves that begin at the AV node sending impulses through both _______________________

SA Node AV Node Causes atrial contraction Send nerve impulse to the AV node (causes it to respond) Nicknamed the pacemaker as it initiates the heartbeat AV node uses PURKINJE FIBERS to stimulate the massive ventricles Purkinje fibers are nerves that begin at the AV node sending impulses through both ventricles

Remember Our Goal... Describe the parts of the heart and how they work together

Our Goal this Section... Analyse the relationship between heart rate and blood pressure

Heart Beat Double sound caused by the closing of the AV valves followed by the semi-lunar valves. Electrocardiogram (EKG)

Nervous System SA node is connected to the brain by a nerve. Brain will signal the SA node through a nerve to accelerate its contraction if more blood is needed in the tissues or blood pressure too low. Part of brain = medulla oblongata Autonomic

Blood Pressure Low blood pressure can be harmful Kidneys function is dependent BP Hypertension: ________________________ Hypotension:_________________________ Body can adjust BP – monitored in the ________________________ of the brain Arterioles constrict or dilate to raise or lower BP

Blood Pressure Low blood pressure can be harmful Kidneys function is dependent BP Hypertension: high BP Hypotension: low BP Body can adjust BP – monitored in the medulla oblongata of the brain Arterioles constrict or dilate to raise or lower BP

Blood Pressure Force of blood against the blood vessel walls Greater when the ventricles are contracting (forcing blood through arteries) – SYSTOLIC PRESSURE Between contractions the blood pressure is lower – DIASTOLIC PRESSURE Measured along the brachial artery of the arm

Blood Pressure 120/80 mmHg is normal High blood pressure strains tissues being fed by blood High blood pressure is normal during physical activity Blood pressure is affected by lifestyle, diet and stress Plaques can line the insides of arteries and arterioles increasing BP If plaque block a blood vessel then tissue damage or tissue death may occur If coronary arteries are blocked then part of heart muscle may die – heart attack

Blood Pressure Heart Beat Heart Structure