Four Goals of Reformers Protect social welfare Promote moral development Secure economic reform Foster efficiency

What caused the problems? Who is to blame? Laissez-faire; no gov’t regulation of business or society.

How do we fix the problems? Fix government Use modern ideas, science, and technology to make gov’t more efficient and effective

Election Reform p500 Citizens fought for and secured such measures as secret ballots, referendums, and recalls. Citizens could petition and get initiatives on the ballot. In 1899, Minnesota passed the first statewide primary system.

Protect Social Welfare Industrialization in the late 19th century was largely unregulated. Employers felt little responsibility toward their workers. As a result, settlement houses and churches served the community and organizations like the YMCA and the Salvation Army took on service roles. Salvation Army Shelter

Promote Moral Development Some reformers felt that the answer to society’s problems was personal behavior. They proposed such reforms as prohibition. Groups wishing to ban alcohol included the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Temperance movement leads to to 18th Amendment Temperance= moderation or elimination of alcohol Alcohol led to poverty and abuse Progressives wanted to remove the temptation.

Who were the muckrakers? Ida Tarbell —criticized unfair business practices like trusts. Wrote “History of Standard Oil”

Lincoln Steffens Shame of the Cities Exposed corruption in urban politics.

Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives Photographer, exposed poverty in NYC immigrant neighborhoods.

John Spargo The Bitter Cry of the Children Child labor

Progressive Campaigns Government Commission Plan--new style of efficient city gov’t. Modern cities need experts, not politicians. City depts. should be run by professionals and led by a city manager.

Regulating Big Business p498 Wisconsin Governor “Did not mean to smash corporations, but merely to drive them out of politics, and then to treat them exactly the same as other people are treated.” Robert La Follette

Increased Democracy Wisconsin becomes the Laboratory of Democracy under Governor Robert La Follette Felt party bosses and political machines had too much influence. Direct primaries—party members vote for their party’s candidates Initiative, Referendum, and Recall 1. Initiative: citizens introduce legislation for vote 2. Referendum: citizens vote on legislation 3. Recall: special election to remove an official

17th Amendment Direct Election of Senators citizens now vote for their Senators rather than state legislators appointing them. Removed influence of political machines and big business.

19th Amendment Women’s Suffrage Leaders: Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott Susan B. Anthony Julia Ward Howe Alice Paul Carrie Chapman Catt Tactics: marches, speeches, picketing, hunger strikes

1920 19th Amendment passes

Women Win Suffrage Native-born, educated, middle-class women grew more and more impatient. Through local, state, and national organization, as well as vigorous protests, women finally realized their dream in 1920.

Child Labor New laws passed that set minimum ages and maximum hours Children’s Bureau (Taft) investigated child labor abuses Compulsory education laws required children to go to school

Health and Safety Codes Called for new safety regulations and workers compensation Set zoning laws and building codes Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire in NYC 1911—150 women died trapped in building

Upton Sinclair The Jungle Exposed unsanitary conditions in meat-packing industry

Consumer Safety 1906—in response to The Jungle, Congress passes: Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act

Roosevelt and the Rough Riders Roosevelt captured national attention by advocating war with Spain in 1898. His volunteer cavalry brigade, the Rough Riders, won public acclaim for its role in the battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba. Roosevelt returned a hero and was soon elected governor of NY and later McKinley’s vice-president.

Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal When President William McKinley was assassinated six months into his second term, Theodore Roosevelt became the nation’s 26th president Pp505 - 511 McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist in Buffalo in September of 1901

The Modern President When Roosevelt was thrust into the presidency in 1901, he became the youngest president ever at age 42. He quickly established himself as a modern president who could influence the media and shape legislation.

Trust-Busting By 1900, trusts – legal bodies created to hold stock in many companies – controlled 80% of U.S. industries. Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Environmental Conservation Managing our natural resources Newlands Reclamation Act 1902 – large scale irrigation and development Western US Gov’t regulation of timber, mining, and water resources Established National Parks and wildlife preserves.

Roosevelt’s Environmental Accomplishments Roosevelt set aside 148 million acres of forest reserves, 1.5 million acres of water-power sites, 50 wildlife sanctuaries, and several national parks.

Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

William Howard Taft Taft’s Progressive Reforms (pp512) more of a trust-buster than TR est’d Children’s Bureau—to fight child labor Mann-Elkins Act—strengthened ICC Conservation—Bureau of Mines, more nat’l forests

TR—charismatic, well-liked, loved the spotlight, big ideas. HOW DID TAFT DIFFER FROM T.R.? TR—charismatic, well-liked, loved the spotlight, big ideas. Taft—legalistic, less ambitious, less popular

1912 Election Republicans split in 1912 between Taft and Roosevelt (who returned after a safari to Africa). Convention delegates nominated Taft and discontented Republicans formed a third party, the Progressive Party (nicknamed the Bull Moose Party), and nominated Roosevelt. The Democrats put forward a reform-minded New Jersey governor, Woodrow Wilson.

Is Socialism the answer? Some Progressives believed the gov’t should own and operate major industry for the benefit of all Americans Eugene Debs ran for Pres in 1912 as the American Socialist Party candidate. Received almost 1 million votes!

Pp513-514

Wilson’s New Freedom With a strong mandate from the American people, Wilson moved to enact his program, the “New Freedom.” He planned his attack on what he called the triple wall of privilege: trusts, tariffs, and high finance.

Woodrow Wilson Underwood Tariff—cut tariffs in half 16th Amendment Federal Reserve Federal Trade Commission Adamson Act– 8-hr workday Clayton Antitrust Act– recognized unions

Regulating Big Business and the Economy p517 Sherman Anti-Trust Act —to break up large companies to restore competition Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) regulated big business Federal Trade Commission (FTC) —a watchdog agency to monitor business to ensure fair trade practices Clayton Anti-Trust Act —gave unions the right to exist

Clayton Anti-Trust Act In 1914 Congress enacted the Clayton Anti-Trust Act that strengthened the Sherman Act. It had an anti-trust provision that prevented companies from acquiring stock from another company and supported workers’ unions.

Federal Reserve Act 1913 a central bank system for US Allowed the government to direct and guide the economy by controlling the amount of money in circulation and setting interest rates.

Federal Trade Commission Formed The FTC was formed in 1914 to serve as a “watchdog” agency to end unfair business practices. The FTC protects consumers from business fraud.

Federal Income Tax Arrives Wilson worked hard to lower tariffs, however, the lost revenue had to be made up and was when the 16th Amendment instituted a graduated federal income tax.

Limits of Progressivism While the Progressive era was responsible for many important reforms, it failed to make gains for African Americans. Like Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson retreated on Civil Rights when he entered office. The KKK reached a membership of 4.5 million in the 1920s

Legacy of Progressivism What did it do? Increased the gov’t’s intervention in economic and social issues (also the public’s expectation of that intervention) What did it not do? Did not address racial discrimination. African-Americans began that fight themselves. Formed NAACP. (Met in Niagara Falls)