Section 2 The Movement Gains Ground DO NOW Page 927 Both Thinking Critically Questions

Nonviolence in Action Following success of Montgomery Bus Boycott, civil rights leaders meet in 1957 in Atlanta to discuss future strategy Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) expands into SCLC SCLC-church based A.A. organization dedicated to ending discrimination and led by MLK

Gandhi inspired King to be direct and nonviolent towards Whites.

Violence never solves problems Violence never solves problems. It only creates new and more complicated ones. If we succumb to the temptation of using violence in our struggle for justice, unborn generations will be the recipients of a long and desolate night of bitterness, and our chief legacy to the future will be an endless reign of meaningless chaos. --Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., "Facing the Challenge of a New Age"

True pacifism is not unrealistic submission to evil power True pacifism is not unrealistic submission to evil power... It is rather a courageous confrontation of evil by the power of love, in the faith that it is better to be the recipient of violence than the inflictor of it, since the latter only multiplies the existence of violence and bitterness in the universe, while the former may develop a sense of shame in the opponent and thereby bring about a transformation and a change of heart. --Dr. Martin Luther King

What would you do next? You can’t boycott something that doesn’t want your business anyway A new, nonviolent tactic was needed.

Sit-ins were led not by MLK but by college students and the SNCC

Sit-in Tactics Dress in your Sunday best. Be respectful to employees and police. Do not resist arrest! Do not fight back! Remember, journalists are everywhere!

Students were ready to take your place if you had a class to attend.

Not only were there sit-ins. . Drive ins (at motels) Swim ins (beaches, pools) Kneel ins (churches) Study-ins (universities)

Student Protests When things got violent authorities not much help Ex. Nashville mob beats nonviolent protestors, cops arrest protestors Tactic proved effective Soon many restaurants had been integrated

Sit ins woolworth vid

The Freedom Rides Students sit-ins inspire CORE to get proactive (northern based civil rights group) 1960 supreme court rules segregation in places such as bus stations that served interstate travelers was illegal

Freedom Riders Now it is time to test the small-town bus stops and highways CORE volunteers, White and Black, got on buses and sat inter-racially on the bus. They went into bus station lunch counters

Freedom Riders Violence erupted when they crossed the Alabama state line White mob firebombed 1 of 2 busses and beat the riders as they tried to escape Then they followed them to the hospital to prevent them from receiving care Local police sent no officers

Freedom Riders attacked!

Mobs also attacked them at the bus stations.

“I have said for the last 20 years that these out-of-town meddlers were going to cause bloodshed if they kept meddling in the South’s business” –Birmingham city commissioner of Public Safety, Bull Connor

John F. Kennedy Eventually sent federal protection of freedom riders

Continued Struggles in School Integration The attitude of many schools after the 1954 Brown decision was: Come Make Me!

University of Mississippi NAACP obtains court order requiring ole miss to admit James Meredith “No school will ever be integrated in Mississippi while I am your Governor” Ross Barnett

James Meredith, University of Mississippi, escorted to class by U. S James Meredith, University of Mississippi, escorted to class by U.S. marshals and troops. Oct. 2, 1962.

When students found out he was on campus a riot broke out

375 were injured 200 were arrested 2 were killed

Results Meredith graduated Revealed civil rights still faced strong opposition

why march and risk personal injury, or arrest?

Headlines! People around the world will convert to your cause if they see you on TV or on the front page of the newspaper being treated unfairly

Not all protests were successful: Ex. Albany, GA Nonviolent protests in 1961 Protestors jailed Chief Pritchett: “meet nonviolence with nonviolence” He quietly arrested all protestors

Albany Georgia's Chief of Police, Laurie Pritchett, orders the arrest of some 130 members of the black community staging a pray-in demonstration as they tried to march on Albany's City

Hoping to draw attention to the Albany protests MLK allows himself to be arrested to draw attention Pritchett simply locked him up with no violent incidence the Albany movement stalls

WHAT SHOULD THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT DO? April 1963 SCLC began series of boycotts, marches, and sit ins to protest Birmingham's segregation law Many jailed for ignoring laws not to demonstrate, willingness to go to jail begins to fade WHAT NOW?? Can you keep marching and getting arrested and support your family? WHAT SHOULD THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT DO?

Birmingham, AL aka Bombingham To save Birmingham protests Bevel believes they should use high school students MLK reluctantly agrees May 2, more than 1000 youths march, police arrest 600 When protests continued Bull Connor order police to attack

Birmingham, Alabama 1963

Police use dogs to quell civil unrest in Birmingham, Ala Police use dogs to quell civil unrest in Birmingham, Ala. in May of 1963. Birmingham's police commissioner "Bull" Connor also allowed fire hoses to be turned on young civil rights demonstrators.

Birmingham

ANSWER THIS QUESTION IN A COMPLETE SENTENCE

D-Day the Children's March Video 3 of 4

Birmingham Outcome White America saw 1000 kids get arrested and attacked with dogs and hoses. There was now much support for civil rights legislation.

March on Washington 1963

March on Washington 1963 President Kennedy was pushing for a civil rights bill. To show support, 500,000 African Americans went to Washington D.C.

The event was highlighted by King's "I Have a Dream" speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial. August 28, 1963.

IT PASSED! Civil Rights Act of 1964 Banned segregation in public places such as restaurants, buses

President LBJ ’63-’68 Pushed Civil Rights Act through Congress Passed more pro-civil rights laws than any other president

Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ) Civil Rights Act of ’64 Civil Rights Act of ’68 Voting Rights Act of ’65 24th Amendment banning poll taxes