The Grant Administration Known primarily as an era of scandals Grant had difficulty dealing with a Congress that was split on issues such as: Tariffs Currency Civil Service Reform Mark Twain reflects on this period as an ‘age of excess’; also becomes known as the “Gilded Age”

Redemptive Reconstruction (1873-1877) Election of 1876 Democratic candidate: Samuel Tilden Republican candidate: Rutherford B. Hayes The election causes great turmoil as some states send in two sets of election results Congress is unsure what course of action is best No one really knew who won the election Compromise “Bargain” of 1877 Congress established a special commission to settle the election An informal agreement eventually places another Republican in the presidency in exchange for ending Reconstruction Terms: Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep.) would become president Hayes had to end Reconstruction immediately Hayes had to guarantee federal aid to the South and remove federal troops Democrats would not cause trouble if the Republicans followed through with the terms Hayes takes office and ends Reconstruction within the first month of his presidency 2

Disenfranchisement: Poll Taxes: Literacy Tests: Grandfather Clauses: - denying someone the right to vote Poll Taxes: - voters had to pay a tax before they could vote Literacy Tests: - voters had to prove they could read Grandfather Clauses: -allowed poor/illiterate white southerners to vote 3

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What does this lead to in the future? Distant and Not-So Distant…

Jim Crow Laws -laws that created separate facilities for African Americans and whites (schools, restaurants, trains, hospitals, theaters, etc.) 6

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) -“Separate but Equal” -The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal as long as facilities for African Americans and whites were equal, which they rarely were. -“Separate but Equal” -made Jim Crow Laws legal 7

-the belief that one race is superior to another Racism -the belief that one race is superior to another Prejudice -irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular group based on race, or religion Oppression -the act of controlling or denying a group rights due to prejudice Stereotype -an oversimplified generalization about a person or group Discrimination -unfair treatment of a person or group because of their race Segregation -separating people of different races in schools, housing, and public or private facilities Dehumanization process by which members of one group remove human traits from members of another group, making them seem less than human -can lead to violence, human rights violations, and genocide Genocide mass murder or abuse of a group (race, religion, ethnicity, nationality, etc.) 8