Chapter 8 Review & Wrap-up

What is osmosis? Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Why is osmosis important? Helps the cells maintain homeostasis.

What occurs if a cell is placed in an isotonic solution? Water will move in and out of the cell, but there is no overall change.

What is the main difference between passive and active transport? Active transport requires energy.

List two examples of passive transport. Diffusion and facilitated diffusion

List two examples of active transport. Endocytosis and exocytosis

What will happen if a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution? Water will leave the cell, the cell may shrivel up. In plants, they lose “Turgor Pressure”.

What proteins are used in active transport? Carrier proteins

What are the limitations to cell size? -Diffusion is only effective over small areas. -Quickness of information for making protein to get to the organelles that do so in the cytoplasm. -Surface area to volume ratio, need enough plasma membrane to take in all the nutrients required to sustain the amount of material inside.

What will happen to the water?

What is the difference between chromosomes and chromatin? Both are genetic material, chromatin are long strands while chromosomes are a condensed (x-shaped) version. Chromosomes only appear before and during cell division (mitosis).

What are the two parts to the cell cycle? (Hint: growth and division) Interphase and Mitosis

What happens at each stage of Interphase? G1 – rapid growth S – synthesis (creation) of copies of genetic material G2 – more growth, creation of cell parts needed for division.

This stage is the longest in mitosis, chromosomes coil up into visible chromosomes. Nuclear envelope disappears. Prophase

If the sides of a cell double in length, its volume increases by _____ times.

What will happen if a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution? Water will move into the cell causing it to swell. An animal cell may burst (or lyse).

What parts make up a chromosome? 2 sister chromatids held together by a centromere.

Chromatids reach opposite poles of the cell during this phase. Telophase.

Double chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers and line up at the center (midline) of the cell during this phase. Metaphase

If the sides of a cell double in length, its surface area becomes _____ times as large.

Identify the phase.

During this phase, sister chromatids are separated. Anaphase

When one cell separates into two new cells. Cytokinesis

What is the difference between cytokinesis in plants and animal cells? -Cell plate is laid across the cell’s equator in plant cells, the cell cannot pinch off due to the rigid cell wall. -Plasma membrane is pinched off at the center in an animal cell.

Identify the phase.

In what order do the stages of mitosis occur? Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, (PMAT)

The structure that holds the sister chromatids together Centromere

The football-shaped structure consisting of thin fibers Spindle Fibers

Process of dividing the nuclear material between 2 new cells Mitosis

Dark staining structures that carry the genetic material Chromosomes

The 2 halves of a doubled chromosome Sister Chromatids

Identify the phase.

Sequence of growth and division Cell Cycle

Phase of mitosis where the sister chromatids separate from each other Anaphase

Cells that have the same function are organized into this Tissue

Matching: 1. Cancer 2. Gene 3. Prophase 4. Anaphase 5. Cytokinesis a. Splitting of cells b. Uncontrolled cell division c. Chromosomes line up at midline d. Chromatin turns into chromosomes e. Segment of DNA that controls protein production f. Chromosomes turn into chromatin g. Sister chromatids separate 1. Cancer 2. Gene 3. Prophase 4. Anaphase 5. Cytokinesis 6. Metaphase 7. Telophase