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8.2 The Cell Cycle The sequence of growth and division of a cell Interphase Mitosis IPMAT
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Cell Size Limitations Materials must be able to pass through the cytoplasm quickly DNA material must be enough in the nucleus to control cell activities Volume increases faster than surface area as cell’s size increase
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Chromosomes Short, stringy, dark-staining structures Contains DNA Exist as chromatin (strands of DNA) Coils, shortens, thickens before cell division
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A. Interphase G-1- Cell growth occurs S - Chromosomes replicate G-2- More cell growth occurs G-o phase – cells in this phase do not reproduce, most cells of the human body are in this phase Animal cell in prophase
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Review of terms Sister chromatids Two halves of the doubled chromosomes
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B. Mitosis Division phase Results in two new cells Chromosome sets are identical to those of the parent cell
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Phases of Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase TelophaseCytokinesis
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Prophase First, longest phase Sister chromatids held together by centromere Nucleus, nucleolus disappears Centrioles move to opposite ends of cells Spindle forms
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Metaphase Short phase Double chromosomes attach to spindle fibers at centromere Chromosomes line up at the equator
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Anaphase Sister chromatids separate Centromeres split apart
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Telophase Reverse of prophase occurs Chromosomes uncoil Spindle breaks down Nucleolus reappears New nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes Plasma membrane separate the two nuclei
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Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm Plants – cell plate forms across cell’s equator Animals – plasma membrane pinches along the equator
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8.3 Control of Cell Cycle DNA- Genetic Blueprint for Cells Gene- segment of DNA that controls production of a single protein Cancer- Uncontrolled cell division
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Cancer Mistake in cell cycle Uncontrolled cell division Cancerous cells forms tumors (masses of tissue) Tumors deprive normal cells with nutrients
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Factors that affect cancer Environmental Cigarette smoke UV radiation Air and water pollution Genetic Programmed in the genes
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