Functional Groups Unit 2.

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Presentation transcript:

Functional Groups Unit 2

Hydrocarbons There are four basic types of hydrocarbons: Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Aromatic hydrocarbons

Functional Groups The term functional group is used to refer to parts of organic molecules where reactions tend to occur.

Functional Groups Functional group: an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of physical and chemical properties Functional groups are important for three reason; they are 1. the units by which we divide organic compounds into classes 2. the sites of characteristic chemical reactions 3. the basis for naming organic compounds

Alcohols contain an -OH (hydroxyl) group Ethanol may also be written as a condensed structural formula

Alcohols alcohols are classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) depending on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon bearing the -OH group

Alcohols there are two alcohols with molecular formula C3H8O

Thiols A thiol is an organosulfur compound that contains a carbon-bonded sulfhydryl (–C–SH or R–SH) group The functional group of a thiol is an SH (sulfhydryl) group The –SH functional group itself is referred to as either a thiol group or a sulfhydryl group

Ethers & Epoxides The functional group of an ether is an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms Ethers tend to be quite unreactive.Therefore, they are good polar solvents. Epoxide: a cyclic ether in which oxygen is one atom of a three-membered ring

Amines contain an amino group; an sp3-hybridized nitrogen bonded to one, two, or three carbon atoms an amine may by 1°, 2°, or 3° C H 3 N Methylamine (a 1° amine) Dimethylamine (a 2° amine) Trimethylamine (a 3° amine) :

Carbonyl Compounds The carbonyl group is a carbon-oxygen double bond. Carbonyl compounds include many classes of compounds.

Aldehydes and Ketones contain a carbonyl (C=O) group

Carboxylic Acids contain a carboxyl (-COOH) group

Carboxylic Esters Ester: a derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the carboxyl hydrogen is replaced by a carbon group

Carboxylic Amide Carboxylic amide, commonly referred to as an amide: a derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the -OH of the -COOH group is replaced by an amine the six atoms of the amide functional group lie in a plane with bond angles of approximately 120°

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