Vocabulary Words Please define the following vocabulary words. Cytoskeleton Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome Golgi apparatus Vesicle Mitochondria Vacuole Lysosome Centriole Cell wall Chloroplast

Basic Cell Structure All cells have 3 things: Cell membrane or plasma membrane Controls what comes in and out of cell DNA (the control center) The genetic information of the cell Cytoplasm/Cytosol The jelly-like substance which fills the inside

Cells have an internal structure. Cytoskeleton Microtubules Microfilaments

Cytoskeleton Microtubule: hollow tube of protein that maintains cell shape & can serve as “tracks” along which organelles move. Helps separate chromatin in division: forms centrioles. Helps form cilia & flagella in some. Microfilaments: long, thin fibers that function in movement & support of cell Narrower than microtubules Produce a tough, flexible framework that supports the cell.

Organelles & Cell Parts The cytoplasm contains specialized structures called organelles. Organelles perform particular functions in order for the cell to maintain homeostasis and work efficiently. Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Chloroplasts Mitochondria Vesicle Centrioles Cilia Flagella

Making a Protein Several organelles are involved in making a protein. This is the main function of a cell.

Organelles in the Cytoplasm The nucleus contains the chromosomes, which are comprised of DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Controls the cell’s genetic information.

Organelles in the Cytoplasm The nuclear envelope is a double-membrane layer that surrounds the nucleus Has thousands of nuclear pores RNA and other material exit through here The nucleolus is in the nucleus, a small dense region The assembly of ribosomes begins here. Ribosomes aid in the production of proteins.

Organelles in the Cytoplasm Ribosomes are the actual organelles in the cell on which proteins are assembled. They are made of protein and RNA They can be “free” or attached to endoplasmic reticulum

Organelles in the Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum: (ER), in eukaryotic cells; the organelle in which components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified. Rough ER: ribosomes attached, the part that is involved in making proteins Smooth ER: no ribosomes attached, contains enzymes that perform specialized tasks like the synthesis of lipids.

Organelles in the Cytoplasm Golgi Apparatus: stack of membranes in the cell in which enzymes attach carbs and lipids to proteins When proteins are produced by ER they are moved to the Golgi Apparatus where the proteins are sorted and packaged.

Organelles in the Cytoplasm Vesicles are small, membrane-bound proteins which transport materials, including proteins, around the cell. They move along tracks called microtubules. They may fuse with the cell membrane.

Organelles in the Cytoplasm Lysosomes are small organelles filled with enzymes Breaks down lipids, carbs, and proteins from food into useful particles. Can remove debris from cells.

Organelles in the Cytoplasm Mitochondria release energy from stored food molecules Use energy from food to make high-energy compounds that the cell can use to power growth, development, and movement. Contains its own DNA and can reproduce on its own. http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/

Organelles in the Cytoplasm Centrioles are cylinder-shaped organelles made of short microtubules arranged in a circle. Aid the cell in mitosis or meiosis. Not found in plant cells.

Plant Cells are Unique Chloroplasts are found in plants use the energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules via photosynthesis Contain chlorophyll Contains its DNA and can reproduce on its own.