Figure 4 Time course of the development of physiological changes in relation to cognitive and motor changes in neurodegenerative syndromes Figure 4 | Time course of the development of physiological changes in relation to cognitive and motor changes in neurodegenerative syndromes. Physiological markers can develop presymptomatically and early in the disease course, thereby offering the potential to provide accurate, trackable biomarkers of disease. Further research is required to determine precisely when these changes arise in relation to cognitive and physical motor symptoms; the need to determine when changes arise is reflected by dashed lines. Ahmed, R. M. et al. (2018) Physiological changes in neurodegeneration — mechanistic insights and clinical utility Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2018.23