Communities Chapter 21 Lesson 3

Bell ringer Differentiate between habitat and niche.

Do you agree or disagree? Communities 3 Do you agree or disagree? No more than two species can live in the same habitat. A cow is a producer because it produces food for other organisms.

3 Communities What defines a community? How do the populations in a community interact?

3 Communities habitat symbiosis niche mutualism producer commensalism consumer parasitism

3 Communities Time for Lunch? Look at the photo at the beginning of the lesson. This Hoopoe (HOO poo) has captured its next meal. Some of the energy needed by this bird for its life processes will come from the energy stored in the body of the lizard. Where did the lizard get its energy?

About the Photo Like students, the Hoopoe in the photo gets energy by eating other organisms. The lizard is one of the Hoopoe's sources of energy. It also eats spiders, large insects, and worms. The lizard and the Hoopoe's other food sources got their energy from consuming other organisms. Some of their food sources were plants or other organisms that got their energy from the Sun. Luckily for the Hoopoe, it can escape most animals that try to use it as a food source.

Questions Why does the Hoopoe have this lizard in its beak? It is going to eat the lizard. Explain that all organisms need a source of energy. How do you think other organisms get energy? discuss eating other organisms, such as other animals or plants, or using energy from the Sun.

Communities, Habitats, and Niches read about communities, habitats, and niches. What does a habitat provide for a member of a community? a habitat provides everything that a member of a community needs. What is a community? A community is all the species that live in the same ecosystem at the same time.

Energy in Communities read the first paragraph What organisms in a community need energy? all organisms in a community need energy. How do organisms use energy? all organisms use energy to carry out life processes.

Energy Roles read about the energy roles in a community. How is a producer different from a consumer? Producers use energy from their environment (the Sun or chemicals) and make their own food, and consumers cannot make their own food. Identify a producer, an herbivore, and an omnivore. Sample answer: producer: Bermuda grass; herbivore: Hereford cow; carnivore: red-tailed hawk; omnivore: opossum

Energy Flow read about energy flow NOTE: energy flows through a community, but it does not cycle. Compare a food chain and a food web. a food chain shows how energy flows through part of a community from the Sun, to a producer, to a consumer. A food web shows how different food chains in a community overlap. Identify a food chain in a community near your home. List the producers and consumers in your food chain in the order in which energy would flow. Sample answers: The Sun > clover > mouse > hawk > bacteria; The hawk, mouse, and bacteria are consumers. The clover is a producer. The Sun > grass > rabbit > coyote > turkey vulture > bacteria; The coyote, rabbit, turkey vulture, and bacteria are consumers. The grass is a producer.

Visual Literacy: Food Web Students often think of a food chain or a food web as ending with a top consumer, such as the harpy eagle in Figure 16. Make sure that students understand that a food web does not show all the possible connections in a community. For example, the harpy eagle will eventually die and be consumed by detritivores. Use the following graphic organizer and the questions below to help students understand the energy flow in a food web.

Visual Literacy: Food Web List the members of two different food chains shown in Figure 16. Sample answers: the Sun, leaves, sloth, harpy eagle; and the Sun, leaves, beetle, squirrel monkey, harpy eagle What arrows could be added to all the organisms in this food web? Explain why. Sample answer: An arrow could be added from each organism to the ground because if an organism isn't eaten first, it will eventually die and be consumed by detritivores, such as fungi and bacteria.

Relationships in Communities not all the relationships in a community involve organisms eating or being eaten by other organisms. read the first paragraph to introduce the idea of different types of relationships. preview the three types of relationships by reading the blue heads on this page and the next page.

Relationships in Communities What are ways species interact in a community? They interact in feeding relationships and in relationships that help them get the food or shelter they need. Which of the three types of relationships do you think involves one organism eating another? variety of ways organisms interact in a community. predator-prey relationships.

Predator-Prey Relationships Is a predator a producer or consumer? consumer read the Review Vocabulary and the two paragraphs about predator-prey relationships.

Predator-Prey Relationships When a Hoopoe bird eats a lizard, which one is the predator and which one is the prey? The bird is the predator and the lizard is the prey. Refer students again to the food web in Figure 16 to name other examples of predators and their prey. Why are predators important to a prey population? Predators capture weak and injured individuals. This can help to keep the remaining prey population healthy because more resources are available for the remaining members.

Visual Literacy: Figure 17 Look at Figure 17 Read the caption Which animal is the predator and which is the prey? How do you know? The sand lizard is the predator because it hunted the insect and is eating it. The insect is the prey because it was hunted and is being eaten. Which type of consumers are sand lizards? Explain. They are carnivores because they consume other animals.

Cooperative Relationships cooperative relationships are another type of relationship among organisms in a community. read the paragraph about cooperative relationships.

Cooperative Relationships What are some ways that leaf-cutter ants cooperate with one another? Why is this important? Leaf-cutter ants work together to cut apart leaves and carry the leaves to underground nests. This cooperation is important because they could not carry a whole leaf into their nest. What is a cooperative relationship? A cooperative relationship is a relationship in which members of a population work together for their common survival.

Symbiotic Relationships another type of relationship among organisms in a community read the paragraphs about symbiotic relationships and mutualism. observe the organism in Figure 19 and read the caption.

Symbiotic Relationships What is a symbiotic relationship? A symbiotic relationship is a close relationship between two or more organisms of different species that live in direct contact. What are three types of symbiotic relationships? Mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism are the three types of symbiotic relationships. Why are boxer crabs and sea anemones an example of mutualism? species live together in a close relationship and both benefit. The sea anemones eat leftovers from the crabs' meals, and their stinging cells help protect the crabs from predators.

Commensalism commensalism is another type of symbiotic relationship. read the paragraph about commensalism. observe the organisms in Figure 20 and read the caption. commensalism also occurs between different species of animals or other organisms, not just plants.

Commensalism What is commensalism? Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship that benefits one species but does not harm or benefit the other. Why is commensalism considered a type of symbiotic relationship? in commensalism, the two different species have a close relationship and live in direct contact. Explain why the epiphytes and the tree in Figure 20 are an example of commensalism. The tree is not harmed and does not benefit. The epiphytes get more sunlight and more living space. The epiphytes' roots only attach it to the tree. It gets its nutrients from the air.

Parasitism parasitism is another type of symbiotic relationship. read the paragraphs about parasitism. observe the organisms in Figure 21 and read the caption.

Parasitism What is parasitism? Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship that benefits one species but harms the other. List five ways species in a community interact. Species in a community interact through predator-prey relationships, cooperative relationships, and the three symbiotic relationships—mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. In Figure 21, how will the spider become a host for parasites? The spider is paralyzed by the wasp, which lays its eggs in the spider's body. When the eggs hatch, the wasp larvae use the spider's body for food.

Lesson 3: Communities Notes A. Communities, Habitats, and Niches 1. A(n) community is made up of all the species that live in the same ecosystem at the same time.

Lesson 3: Communities Notes 2. The place within an ecosystem where an organism lives is its habitat. It has to provide all the resources an organism needs. 3. A(n) niche is what a species does in its habitat to survive.

Lesson 3: Communities Notes 4. All living things use energy to carry out life processes such as growth and reproduction. a. Producers are organisms that get energy such as sunlight from the environment and make their own food.

Lesson 3: Communities Notes b. Consumers are organisms that get energy by eating other organisms. c. Consumers are classified by the types of organisms they eat. Types of consumers include herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and detritivores.

Lesson 3: Communities Notes B. Energy Flow 1. A food chain is a way of showing how energy moves through a community. 2. Energy flows from the Sun to producers to consumers and eventually to detritivores.

Lesson 3: Communities Notes 3. A food web shows many food chains within a community and how they overlap. C. Relationships in Communities 1. All populations in a community interact with each other.

Lesson 3: Communities Notes 2. A(n) predator is an animal that hunts other animals for food. a. Animals that are hunted for food are called prey. b. Predators help prevent prey populations from growing too large for the carrying capacity of the ecosystem.

Bill Nye https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F1t81Q

Lesson 3: Communities Notes 3. The members of some populations work together for their survival in cooperative relationships.

Lesson 3: Communities Notes 4. A close relationship between two species that involves an exchange of food or energy is called symbiosis. a. A symbiotic relationship in which both partners benefit is called mutualism. b. A symbiotic relationship that benefits one species but does not harm or benefit the other is called commensalism.

Lesson 3: Communities Notes c. A symbiotic relationship that benefits one species and harms the other is called parasitism. d. Fleas and lice are parasites that feed on blood from a(n) host organism such as a human.

Brainpop http://www.brainpop.com/science/ecologyandbehavior/symbiosis/

Mr. Lee http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNm7dg3BiyU

Discussion Question What are food chains and food webs? A food chain is a diagram that shows how energy moves through a community. A food web shows many food chains within a community and how they overlap.

3 Communities No more than two species can live in the same habitat. Do you agree or disagree? No more than two species can live in the same habitat. Disagree. Habitats can contain many species.

3 Communities Do you agree or disagree? A cow is a producer because it produces food for other organisms. Disagree. A cow is a consumer because it does not produce its own food. Cows consume plants for energy.

3 Communities What defines a community? A community is all the populations of different species that live together in the same area at the same time.

3 Communities How do the populations in a community interact? Three types of relationships within a community are predator-prey, cooperative, and symbiotic.

Complete Worksheet Pg. 58

T6 Populations and Communities Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Lesson Outline continued