Changes on the Western Frontier Chapter 5 Section 1 Objective: To analyze the settlement of the Great Plains during the late 1800s and to examine Native American policies, private property rights, and the Populist movement Essential Question: What were the Indian Wars and their consequences? Standard: Recognize the areas affected by westward expansion of the United States. Standard: Identify the events and impact of the westward movement and the Indian Wars. As white settlers began streaming into the West, Native Americans and white settlers clashed over control over the land. U.S government actions compounded the situation.

Warm Up August 15, 2013 Predict what you believe the unit Bridge to the 20th Century will be about. Suppose you were a settler in the late 1800s, explain in a few sentences a day in your life. Can you think of an original way of life for Native Americans in the Great Plains?

Morning Work John Gast’s American Progress (1872) illustrates this perspective. It shows the Angel of Liberty moving westward, dispensing cable wires while Indians flee before her. Showing how America was expanding into the west, and yet expanding industrial. He was illustrating that Americans were bringing a new revolution of industry and economy into the obscure, rural west. He also shows all kinds of classes moving with this movement. The Empire of America was expanding into the west in all stages, classes, and all aspects of technology and agriculture. Gast also shows the belief that this movement was divinely inspired, thus why the time was commonly called Manifest Destiny. He shows the expansion of the west, by making all go west, including the Indians. He implies the industrial revolution by portraying different industrial movements in the light, while everything in the west, Indians and buffaloes is in obscurity and darkness. Gast encases different classes within this picture as well. He has 2 different transportations: a carriage, like those the higher class might use, and a wagon like those farmers and travelers in the middleclass might use. He shows the industrialization movement with trains and telegraphs, and shows the agriculture movements with farmers and cowboys. The large, angelic woman in the center could represent the empire of America considering she is carrying the telegraph poles with her as she moves westward. She has a star on her head- a common symbolism of a state.

Why did Americans Move West?

Why did Americans Move West?

Why did Americans Move West?

Culture of the Plain Indians Buffalo Food, clothing, shoes, and supplies Nomadic Land shouldn’t be bought and sold White settlers: land be divided and claims given to people. The Sioux, Blackfoot, and Cheyenne of the northern Plains and the Kiowa and Commanche of the Southern plains thrived thanks to the abundance of wild buffalo, their main source of food, clothing, shoes, shelter, and supplies. They had a nomadic lifestyle, traveling the great grasslands on horseback as they followed the migrations of the buffalo herds. They didn’t believe the land should be bought and sold. Most white settlers were farmers or town dwellers. They believed the land should be divided and claims given to people to farm or establish businesses. Native Americans would not settle down in one place, many Americans believed, then their lands were available for taking. Ki-w-woa

Government Policy Previous Indian policy: Mid-1800s: Army forcibly moved Native Americans from the East and relocated them farther west. Mid-1800s: Government began seizing their land and sending them to reservations. In the mid-1800s the US government’s Indian policy underwent a key change. Previously the army had forcibly removed Native Americans form the East and relocated then farther west. By the 1850s growing numbers of white settlers wanted to move into these western lands as well. SO instead of pushing the Indians farther westward, the govn’t began seizing their land and sending them to reservations. The goal was to break power of the Plains Indians and open up their lands for settlement. Americans generally agreed with this new policy.

Destruction of the Buffalo 1800: 60 million buffalo lived on the Plains. 1894: around 25 buffalo were on the Plains. Causes: Settler’s livestock brought diseases U.S. Army encouraged the destruction of the buffalo Hunting for sport and profit Reason for destruction: Wipe out Native American’s food supply and force them onto reservations. For Plains Indians, being confined to reservations threatened their buffalo-centered way of life. Yet the vast herds that had supported them for countless generations now were being driven to extinction. In 1800 some 60 million buffalo had lived on the Plains. By 1894 a few as 25 buffalo remained. The catastrophe had several causes. White settlers reduced buffalo grazing lands and cut off migration routes. Settlers’ livestock carried diseases that destroyed buffalo herds. The US Army adopted a policy of encouraging the destruction of the buffalo. It sought to wipe out the Plains Indians’ food supply to force them onto reservations. One of the most dramatic causes was the hunting of buffalo for sport and profit. Hides were used to make belts for factory machines and buffalo robes. For pleasure, railroads offered “ hunting specials,” allowing passengers to shoot buffalo from the train. The slaughter was so massive that in one summer, several railroads had to cancel their hunting specials. The stench of buffalo carcasses sickened the passengers.

Indian Wars

Indian Wars Sand Creek Massacre Location: Colorado Territory Cause: a band of Cheyenne raided nearby ranches in 1864. Army offered forgiveness if returned to Sand Creek Black Kettle took his people to Sand Creek November 29: John M. Chivington arrived at Sand Creek with 700 troops. Chivington and men killed over 150 people. Tensions between the settlers and the Plains Indians escalated into decades of violence that swept the Indians from most of the West. The conflicts are known as the Indian Wars. SAND CREEK MASSACRE: Colorado territory, a band of Cheyenne raided nearby ranches in 1864. Army officials offered amnesty or forgiveness, if they returned to their reservation at Sand Creek. November 29: John M. Chivington arrived at Sand Creek with 700 troops. Black Kettle raised an American flag and a white flag as a sign of peace. “It is simply not possible for Indians to obey or even understand any treaty. To kill them is the only way we will ever have peace” Chivington’s troops opened fire and killed about 150 people, mostly women, children, and elderly people. After burning the camp to the ground, the troops returned to Denver w/ scalps, which they displayed to cheering crowds. Chivington’s actions were condemned but they did not get punished. Cheyenne stepped up their raids

Indian Wars Battle of Little Bighorn Causes: Government ordered Sioux to return to reservation by January 31, 1876. They refused June 25, 1876: George Armstrong Custer led an attack against 2,000 Native Americans. Custer and his troops were defeated. For years the Lakota Sioux conducted raids against white settlers who had moved into Sioux lands. In response the US govn’t ordered all Lakota Sioux to return to their reservation by Jan. 31, 1876. They refused. Leader of Sioux: Sitting Bull conducted a sun dance and seen a great victory over soldiers. The situation was turned over to the military. About 2,00 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho gathered near the Little Bighorn River. Custer and his troops were encircled and slaughtered. The Battle of the Little Bighorn was a tremendous victory for the Sioux- but a temporary one. Now the US govn’t was even more determined to put down the Indian threat to settlers. A-wrap-a-ho

Indian Wars Wounded Knee Massacre Causes: Sioux ordered to give up rifles Black Coyote refused and in a struggle with soldiers gun fire went off. Result: 300 Sioux men, women, and children lay dead. Marked the end of the conflict between the army and the Plains Indians. In Dec. 1890 the US military ordered the arrest of Sitting Bull, who had joined the Ghost Dance movement. (Word spread that a Native American had a power vision in 1889. He declared the Indian dead would live again, the buffalo would return, and the white settlers would leave. His vision developed into a religious movement. Known to the outsiders as the Ghost Dance, it inspired hope among the Native Americans. In August 1890 newspapers began suggesting that the Ghost Dance was a sign of coming uprising). A skirmish broke out and Sitting Bull was killed. Many of Sitting Bull’s band of Sioux fled west. The weary Sioux surrender to US troops, who took them to Wounded Knee Creek. The next morning, Colonel James Forsyth of the 7th Cavalry ordered the Sioux to give up their rifles. Black Coyote refused and in struggle with soldiers gun fire went off. Instantly the Sioux and soldiers began shooting. About half of the Sioux were killed instantly. Women and children fled, but soldiers pursued them. BY the end of the fight, about 300 Sioux men, women , and children lay dead. The Wounded Knee Massacre shocked many Americans. General Nelson Miles was so outraged he removed Forsyth from command. Others in the army didn’t share Miles’ concern. Three officers and 15 enlisted men received the Medal of Honor for their actions. Wounded Knee marked the end of the bloody conflict b/w the army and the Plains Indians.

Resistance in Southwest Apache people moved onto a reservation near Gila River in Arizona. Soldiers forcefully stopped a religious gathering there, and Geronimo and others fled the reservation. Raided settlements long Arizona-Mexico border. Captured in 1886 Sent to Florida as prisoners of war. Ended the resistance in the area. The Apache people were moved onto a reservation near the Gila River in Arizona. Soldiers forcefully stopped a religious gathering there, and Geronimo and others fled the reservation. They raided settlements along the Arizona-Mexico border for years before finally being captured in 1886. Geronimo and his followers were sent to Florida as prisoners of war. His surrender marked the end of armed resistance in the area.

Life on the Reservations 2 reasons for creation of reservations: Control of land Indians live like white Americans Americanization Native Americans abandon their culture and adopt culture of white America. Bureau of Indian Affairs Built new schools Only spoke English and could not wear traditional clothing. The government wanted control over all the western territories and wanted Indians to live like white Americans. The Bureau of Indian Affairs began to erase the Indian culture through a program of Americanization. Indian students could speak only English and could not wear their traditional clothing. They learned to live like Americans. BIA was the federal program that managed the Native Americans reservations.

Dawes Act Dawes Act of 1877: Broke up many reservations and turned Native Americans into individual property owners. Family received 160 acres of land Less productive land to Indians and best land was sold. Congress took a significant step in the Americanization process when it passed the Dawes Act. The Dawes Act of 1887 broke up many reservations and turned Native Americans into individual property owners. Ownership was designed to transform their relationship to the land. The Indians received less productive land, and few had the money to start farms. Most of the land given to the Indians was unsuitable for farming. Each single person over 18 received 80 acres and each child would receive 40 acres. BIA thought this would transform the Indians relationship to the land. Ownership would provide incentives to succeed, they thought- and then the federal govn’t could slash support for reservations.

3-2-1 Culture: Indian Wars Write: 3 ways the Native Americans depended on the buffalo 2 ways the buffalo were destroyed 1 reason the government wanted to “move” the Native Americans Indian Wars Write: 3 Indian Wars 2 American generals involved in the Indian Wars 1 Native American chief

Battle of Little Bighorn Word Description In 1864 a group of Cheyenne raided ranches. U.S. Army got the trust of the Cheyenne, then attacked, and killed 150 people. Dawes Act George Armstrong led 2,000 troops to attack the Native Americans. Americanization This conflict marked the end of the resistance between the Army and the Plains Indians. Battle of Little Bighorn Changing Native Americans’ cultures and traditions. Wounded Knee Massacre Law breaking up reservations into individual plots of land Sand Creek

Morning Work August 10, 2011 WRITE QUESTIONS Why did the U.S. government want to destroy the buffalo? What happened at Sand Creek in 1864? Morning Work Lecture: Indian Wars Indian War Organizer 3-2-1 Chapter 13-2 Section Summary Lecture: Mining and Ranching

Battle of Little Bighorn Who was responsible for the Battle of Little Bighorn?