Where did Services Originate? 12.1

What are Services? Service Link with Settlements Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it Link with Settlements A permanent collection of buildings, where people reside, work, and obtain services

Issues to look at… WHERE in SPACE Why Settlements Why Proximity to market (unlike industry) LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION Is it based solely on POPULATION? NO! Local Diversity

Services can be categorized into 3 types: Types of Services Services can be categorized into 3 types: Public Consumer Business

Consumer Services Provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them Personal services provide services for the well-being & personal improvement of individual consumers (20% in USA). Retail services provide goods for sale to customers (25% of jobs in USA).

Personal Services

Business Services There are two types of business services. These services facilitate other businesses by … Producer Transportation/Information providing services primarily to help people conduct other business (16% of USA) (financial services/ex.banks, professional/ex.law, support/ex.janitorial, etc.) diffusing and distributing products or information (7%) (trucking, publishing, broadcasting)

Public Services Public services provide security and protection for citizens and business (4%).

Employment Change in the U.S. Growth in employment in the U.S. since 1970 has been entirely in the tertiary sector, with the greatest increase in professional services.

Early Settlements Based on archaeological evidence, settlements probably originated to provide personal services…especially religious and educational. Government and police services were also important. Eventually…transportation, producer, and retail services clustered in settlements.

-May have satellite settlements with similar names Rural Settlements Most people in the world still live in clustered rural settlements. -May have satellite settlements with similar names Dispersed rural settlements are typical in the modern U. S., since large tracts of land are owned by individuals.

Rural Settlement Patterns Circular settlement patterns are common in Germany. Linear “long lot” patterns are often found along rivers in France, and were transferred to Québec.

The Enclosure Movement Between 1750 & 1850, the British gov’t “encouraged” people to consolidate small strips of land into a single large farm. This transformed Britain from a rural landscape of clustered settlements to a landscape of larger farms (dispersed settlements).

The Enclosure Movement… Coincided with the Industrial Revolution People forced off farms Leads to Urban Migration Farmsteads moved to more strategic locations