1. Services
Chapter 12

2. Types and Origins of Services
Types of services
Consumer services (retail and personal services)
Business services (producer and transportation)
Public services (government employees)
Changes in number of employees
Growth in services and declines in primary/secondary
Origin of services- no one know precise origination
Services in rural settlements
Clustered rural settlements (Houses, schools, churches)
Dispersed rural settlements (Spread out cities)

3. Rural Settlement Patterns
Fig. 12-4: Circular settlement patterns are common in Germany. Linear “long lot” patterns are often found along rivers in France, and were transferred to Québec.

4. Distribution of Consumer Services
Central place theory- market place
Market area of a service
Nodal regions
Hexagon best fits an area
Size of market area
Range is the distance people are willing to travel for a service
Modified to minutes instead of miles
Threshold
Number of customers needed to make a profit
Census helps determine this data

5. Distribution of Consumer Services
Market area analysis
Profitability of a location
Range + Threshold= profitability
Optimal location within a market
Best location is one that minimizes distance to the largest number of consumers
Hierarchy of services and settlements
Nesting of services and settlements
Market, hamlet, township center, county seat, district city, small state capital, and regional capital city
Rank-size distribution of settlements
Rank of cities based on a city’s population

6. Supermarket and Convenience Store Market Areas
Fig. 12-8: Market area, range, and threshold for Kroger supermarkets (left) and UDF convenience stores in Dayton, Ohio. Supermarkets have much larger areas and ranges than convenience stores.

7. Business Services and Settlements
World cities
Ancient world cities- Ur, Athens, Rome
Medieval world cities- Feudalism, large walled cities
Modern world cities- Center of services world wide
Hierarchy of business services
World cities-London, New York and Tokyo
Centers of financial, law and advertising
Command and control centers- Atlanta, Boston, Seattle
Headquarters, medical centers
Specialized producer-service centers- Detroit, Albany
Highly skilled services
Dependent centers- Resort, Manufacturing, Industrial, Mining
Unskilled jobs; depends on world cities for economic decisions

8. Paris
Fig : Paris was originally surrounded by walls which were expanded to include new neighborhoods as the city grew.

9. Clustering of Services
Central business district (CBD)
Retail services in the CBD
Recent years has transitioned to offices instead of retail
High land costs in the CBD
Tokyo 1,000,000,000 per acre of land
Activities excluded from the CBD
Manufacturing, residential neighborhoods
Suburbanization of businesses
Suburbanization of retailing
Planned suburban shopping malls
Suburbanization of factories and offices
Cheap land and labor, close to residential neighborhoods