THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION

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Presentation transcript:

THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION EOSC 112: THE FLUID EARTH THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION Oc3 Read: Kump et al. Chap.5, p. 91-101. Check: Review Questions 1-5, 7-12. Objectives: To describe the composition and distribution of salts in oceans; To describe the deep-ocean thermohaline circulation. 11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM EOSC 112 lecture Oc-2

1. Salinity S Average concentration of salt in sea water (i.e. S) is ~3.5% (= 35 ‰ or parts per thousand) by weight (i.e. g/kg water). Major constituents of S: Salt Ion % Chloride, Cl- 55.0 Sodium, Na+ 30.6 Sulphate, SO4-2 7.7 Magnesium, Mg+2 3.7 Calcium, Ca+2 1.2 Potassium, K+ 1.1 Total 99.3 Ions = molecules or atoms with net electric charge 11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM EOSC 112 lecture Oc-2

Where do Salts come from?: Erosion (weathering) of crustal rocks. Constancy of composition: Total amount of major dissolved ions can vary in the ocean, but their relative proportions remain virtually constant. How to measure salinity?: Higher S => more ions => increased electrical conductivity. S measured by a CTD (Conductivity- Temperature-Depth) probe. 11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM EOSC 112 lecture Oc-2

Latitudinal distribution of Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) follows Evaporation-Precipitation (E-P) curve. 11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM EOSC 112 lecture Oc-2

Halocline = region of strong change of S with depth, at ~ 200m-1000m. Temperature Halocline = region of strong change of S with depth, at ~ 200m-1000m. 11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM EOSC 112 lecture Oc-2

Density In open ocean, density ~1.022- 1.030 g/cm3. Density determined by T, S & pressure p. At mid & low latitudes, density profile approx. T profile. 11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM EOSC 112 lecture Oc-2

2. Deep-water formation & circulation What conditions are needed to form bottom water? (a) intense cooling, or (b) increase in S. Usually both (a) & (b) required. Polar regions during winter: intense surface cooling & ice formation. As sea water  ice, much of salt expelled into surrounding water => little salt in the ice, but increased S of surrounding water. 11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM EOSC 112 lecture Oc-2

Deep/Bottom waters formed in Atlantic Oc. N. Pacific too low in S to form bottom water 11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM EOSC 112 lecture Oc-2

Thermohaline circulation 11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM EOSC 112 lecture Oc-2

Thermohaline circulation Thermohaline circulation results from the sinking & rising of water masses due to density changes from T & S changes. Top 1 km dominated by wind-driven ocean circulation; below 1 km, thermohaline circulation dominates. Flow of deep water & upper water => “conveyor belt”. It brings nutrients up from deeper waters and oxygen down from surface 11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM11/10/2018 11:11:38 PM EOSC 112 lecture Oc-2