Standards Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Identify the major structural components and functions of the four major macromolecules Objectives

PROTEINS

Proteins Monomer amino acids connected by peptide bonds Polymer Polypeptides Usu. Multiple polypeptides bind together to form a protein Elements: CHON

Amino Acids Elements that make: C,H,O,N Every A.A. has: a carboxyl group an amino groups an R group (side chain that varies)

Draw a Protein

20 different amino acids The sequence of amino acids determines the shape of the protein

Did you know? Our body can only synthesize 12 of the 20 amino acids.

Think – Pair – Share Where do we get the other 8 amino acids?

Think – Pair – Share Why is becoming a vegetarian potentially dangerous?

Polar bears What reaction occurs to form peptide bonds?

Draw a polypeptide chain

Examples of Protein Functions Immune System Antibodies (proteins) bind to foreign substances Transport Membrane transport proteins - move substances across cell membranes Hemoglobin carries oxygen, iron, and other substances through the body. Enzymes! Signaling / Hormones - Hormones such as insulin regulate sugar levels in blood.

Proteins are very complex Proteins are very complex! Their specific structure determines their function. HEMOGLOBIN: Transport of gases and iron in blood ACTIN: Filament involved in muscle contraction

Four Levels of Protein Structure Primary structure The unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide Figure 5.20 – Amino acid subunits +H3N Amino end o Carboxyl end c Gly Pro Thr Glu Seu Lys Cys Leu Met Val Asp Ala Arg Ser lle Phe His Asn Tyr Trp Lle

Is the folding of the polypeptide one time Secondary structure Is the folding of the polypeptide one time Forms an a helix or a b pleated sheet O C α helix β pleated sheet Amino acid subunits N H R

Is the overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide Tertiary structure Is the overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide CH2 CH O H O C HO NH3+ -O S CH3 H3C Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions Polypeptide backbone Hydrogen bond Ionic bond Disulfide bridge

Quaternary structure Is the overall protein structure that results from the combination of two or more polypeptide subunits

Polar Bears Explain the four levels of protein structure to your penguin

Penguins Where does the protein folding occur within a cell?

Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle Cell Disease: A simple change in Primary Structure

Enzymes proteins that act as a catalyst

Environmental Factors That Effect Protein Shape pH Temperature Salinity Denatured protein is biologically inactive Can sometimes “renature” if primary structure is unchanged.

Penguins List at least 2 factors that effect protein structure

Standards Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Identify the major structural components and functions of the four major macromolecules Objectives

LIPIDS What are Lipids? Fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, pigments Do NOT consist of polymers

Monomers – not a true monomer The building blocks of all lipids are called Fatty Acids Hydrophobic (“hydro”=water; “phobic” = fearing) Consist of: hydrocarbons (long chains of hydrogen & carbon) a carboxyl group on the end

Functions of Lipids in living things: Energy storage Cell membrane structure Protecting against desiccation (drying out). Insulating against cold. Absorbing shocks. Regulating cell activities by hormone actions.

Structure of Common Fats - Triglycerides Consist of a single glycerol and usually three fatty acids Glycerol – an alcohol with three carbons Fatty Acid - Long Hydrocarbon chains with a Carboxyl group at one end.

Draw a Lipid Triglyceride

Phospholipids Structure: Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group. Function: Main structural component of membranes, where they arrange in bilayers.

Draw a Phospholipid Next to your triglyceride, draw a phospholipid Label the parts/components Label the drawing as a phospholipid

Phospholipids in Water

Saturated and Unsaturated Fats (b) Unsaturated fat and fatty acid cis double bond causes bending Oleic acid Unsaturated fats : one or more double bonds between carbons liquid at room temp most plant fats Saturated fats: No double bonds solid at room temp most animal fats (a) Saturated fat and fatty acid Stearic acid

Unsaturated fatty acid

Waxes Lipids that serve as coatings for plant parts and as animal coverings. Found in membranes Form the sex hormones Steroids

Standards Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Identify the major structural components and functions of the four major macromolecules Objectives

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Monomers = Nucleotides Nucleotide = 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base Deoxyribose in DNA Ribose in RNA

Two Types of Nucleic Acids Polymers DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) double stranded made of genes which code for proteins Deoxyribose RNA (Ribonucleic acid) single stranded Uses DNA as a template to synthesis of proteins ribose

Function of Nucleic Acids : The stuff of Genes Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information Genes Are the units of inheritance Code for the sequence of amino acids(making polypeptides) Made of nucleic acids

Both polymers function together for protein synthesis

Drawing DNA

Summary of the Organic Molecules: Macromolecule Monomer Elements Carbs monosaccharides CH2O Lipids Fatty Acids CHO Proteins Amino Acids CHON Nucleic Acids Nucleotides CHONP

Summary of the Organic Molecules: