CHAPTER 9 MANIFEST DESTINY

CHAPTER 9, Sec 1 I. Americans Head West 1800 – 387,000 white settlers lived west of the Appalachian Mtns 1820 – 2.4 million lived there MANIFEST DESTINY – the idea that God had given the continent to Americans and wanted them to settle western lands. John Louis O’Sullivan, 1845

Chapter 9, Sec 1 A. Farming the New Lands. 1. Squatters – pioneers that settled on lands they did not own 2. Preemption Act of 1830 – protected Squatters by guaranteeing them the right to claim land before it was surveyed and the right to buy up to 160 acres for the government’s minimum price of $1.25 per acre.

Chapter 9, Sec 1 Jethro Wood – patented an iron-blade plow in 1819 3. Plows & Reapers – Jethro Wood – patented an iron-blade plow in 1819 John Deere – engineered a plow with sharp-edged steel blades that cut cleanly through sod. Cyrus McCormick – Patented the mechanical reaper in 1834

Chapter 9, Sec 1 II. SETTLING THE PACIFIC COAST Latecomers went to CA and Oregon. A. Dividing Oregon. Missionaries spread the word about Oregon. B. Populating California. John Sutter (German immigrant) was granted 50,000 acres by the Spanish Governor of CA to help settle the area. He built a trading post that was the first stop for Americans coming to CA.

CHAPTER 9, Sec 1 C. The Trails West – Trailblazers Kit Carson Jim Bridger Mountain men made their living trapping beaver & selling the furs to traders; also helped carve out east-to-west passages.

Chapter 9, Sec 1 D. Wagon Train Life Wagon trains assembled at a frontier town. Travelers bought supplies, trained oxen, practiced steering wagons. (overlanders) Hired mountain men to guide them or used guidebooks.

Chapter 9, Sec 1

Chapter 9, Sec 1 1. 1846 – The Donner Party – trapped by winter snows in the Sierra Nevada. After 41 died of starvation, those left resorted to cannibalism to survive. 2. Typical trip took 5-6 months (15 miles per day).

Chapter 9, Sec 1 E. Native Americans. 1. Only 362 emigrants died due to Native American attacks between 1840 and 1860. 2. Emigrants killed 426 Natives. 3. In reality, Natives often helped settlers or traded with them. 4. The Treaty of Fort Laramie – 1851 – gave natives a specific area that would belong to the natives forever.

Chapter 9, Sec 1 III. The Mormon Migration A. Mormons went west in search of religious freedom. B. In 1844, a mob murdered Joseph Smith C. Brigham Young took his people on the Mormon Trail to the Great Salt Lake in Utah.

Chapter 9, Sec 1 Butterfield Overland Mail Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Trail Trails to the West Old Spanish Trail California Trail Mormon Trail Santa Fe Trail

Chapter 9, Sec 2 Independence for TEXAS Opening TEXAS to Americans Mexicans (Tejanos) lived in San Antonio de Bexar and Hidalgo in the southern portion of the region. Apache, Comanche, and other native groups lived north of the Tejanos. They passed colonization laws to get Americans & others to live there. They offered a 10-year exemption from paying taxes but required that they become Mexican citizens, live under Mexican law, & convert to Roman Catholicism.

Chapter 9, Sec 2 A. Empresarios and Settlers 1. Empresarios (agents) encouraged settlers to come to Texas. 2. National Colonization Act – 26 empresarios got land grants in Texas. In exchange, they promised to fill it with a certain number of settlers. 3. STEPHEN AUSTIN – 1st and most successful empresario. He founded the town of Washington-on-the-Brazos.

Chapter 9, Sec 2 B. AMERICANIZING TEXAS. 1. Empresario Hayden Edwards’s brother led a rebellion against Mexican authority & declared the independent nation of Fredonia, but Austin helped Mexico crush the revolt. 2. Mexico now thinks America is plotting to acquire TX. In 1830 Mexico closed its borders and placed a tax on imports. The American settlers are unhappy. B. AMERICANIZING TEXAS.

Chapter 9, Sec 2 II. TEXAS GOES TO WAR. Settlers met and chose Stephen Austin as president of their first convention. Settlers asked Mexico to reopen the border to immigrants and loosen taxes on imports. 2nd Convention -- recommended separating Texas and creating a new Mexican state. Austin negotiated with Pres. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna in Mexico City. Austin sent a note to San Antonio that Texans should start their own state government because negotiations stalled. Mexican officials intercepted the letter and Austin was arrested for treason because of the letter. He stayed in jail for one and one-half years.

Chapter 9, Sec 2 Santa Anna became a dictator and would not negotiate, so Texans organized an army. A. The Early Battles. 1. In 1835 Texans drove Mexicans out of Gonzales. 2. Former Tennessee governor Sam Houston took command of Texan forces, but Santa Anna was rebuilding his forces.

Chapter 9, Sec 2 B. THE ALAMO. 1. The Alamo was an abandoned Spanish Catholic mission. In 1836, there were 180 Texan rebels hold up there under the command of Colonel William B. Travis. 2. When the Mexican forces came, he sent for help, but only 32 men came. 3. They held the Alamo for 13 days delay- ing the Mexican army to give Houston’s army more time to prepare.

CHAPTER 9, Sec 2 C. GOLIAD. 300 Texan troops were executed. D. The Battle of San Jacinto. The Turning Point!! Houston retreated toward LA. Santa Anna made a mistake by allowing his men to sleep in the afternoon. The battle lasted 20 minutes, but the Texans continued to kill for hours yelling, “Remember the Alamo” AND “Remember Goliad.”

Chapter 9, Sec 2 Houston forced Santa Anna to order his army out of Texas and sign a treaty recognizing independence for the Republic of Texas. E. The Republic of Texas Sam Houston was elected as president & they voted for annexation to the U.S., but Jackson did not act on this fearing more tension between the N. & S. On his last day in office Jackson officially recognized Texas as an independent nation.

CHAPTER 9, Section 3 THE WAR WITH MEXICO I. The Lingering Question of Texas. In 1803 the U.S. claimed TX as part of the LA Purchase; however, the U.S. renounced that claim in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819. Southerners had taken slaves into TX; so the area would probably support slavery as a state. Anti-slavery members of Congress would oppose them as a state. Mexico still had not recognized TX independence.

Chapter 9, Sec 3 II. Texas and Oregon Enter the Union. 1844 – Pres. Tyler wanted to annex TX & brought it to the Senate. Calhoun included a statement in defense of TX as a slavery state. Congress voted against it and this cost Tyler his chances of another term.

Chapter 9, Sec 3 A. The Election of 1844. TX Annexation was an issue. 1. Henry Clay – Whig 2. Martin Van Buren – Democrat, lost the nomination to James K. Polk because Polk promised to annex TX and the Oregon Territory; in addition, he said that he would buy CA from Mexico. 3. The LIBERTY PARTY split the vote and caused Polk to win.

Chapter 9, Sec 3 B. The OREGON Question. The British claimed the region. Polk said the U.S. had a right to it. Supporters cried “Fifty-four Forty or Fight.” They wanted all of Oregon. Polk agreed to split the territory with G.B.

Chapter 9, Sec 3 C. THE ANNEXATION OF TEXAS 1. Texas joined the Union in 1845, but there was a dispute over the southwestern border. 2. 1845 – Polk sent John Slidell as special ENVOY to Mexico City to buy CA territory; the new President Herrera refused to meet with him.

Chapter 9, Sec 3 III. WAR WITH MEXICO POLK ordered troops to invade Mexican territory – General Zachary Taylor May 13, 1846 – The Senate voted to go to war with Mexico.

Chapter 9, Sec 3 A. Calling ALL Volunteers 1. Polk’s three-pronged strategy: Taylor’s troops move south Separate force would capture Santa Fe & march west to take CA U.S. forces advanced to Mexico City and force Mexico to surrender. 2. Congress called for volunteers, but they were not disciplined & unruly.

Chapter 9, Sec 3 B. THE FIGHTING BEGINS!! John C. Fremont led northern CA settlers to overtake the Mexican forces and declared CA independent of Mexico. They named it the Bear Flag Republic, but it only lasted a few weeks. U.S. Naval forces took posession of the land for the U.S.

Chapter 9, Sec 3 C. To Mexico City. 1. Mexico would not surrender so Polk sent soldiers on ships to take Mexico City. 2. Polk saw Taylor as a rival for president, so he sent General Winfield Scott instead of Taylor. 3. Mexico City was captured on September 14, 1847.

Chapter 9, Sec 3 D. The Peace Treaty. February 2, 1848, Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Mexico gave up more than 500,000 square miles to the U.S. (CA, Utah, and Nevada, along with parts of New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, & Wyoming). The Rio Grande was the southern border of TX. The U.S. paid Mexico $15 million & agreed to take over $3.25 million in debts Mexico owed U.S. citizens.

Chapter 9, Sec 3 MANIFEST DESTINY