Why Do Conflicts Arise among Ethnicities? Ethnicities and Nationalities Nationality is identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country. How does this concept compare/contrast with ethnicity? Nationality shares similar concepts with ethnicity. Both defined through shared cultural values derived from religion, language, and material culture. Nationality differs with ethnicity in terms of legal standing. Nationality defined through shared experiences derived from voting, obtaining a passport, and performing civic duties.

Nationalism -a sense of unity with fellow citizens and loyalty to the state to promote its culture and interest over those of other nations. A recurring set of forces affects all nation-states: centripetal forces that unify them and centrifugal forces that tend to fragment them. Centripetal forces bind together the people of a state, giving it strength. One of the most powerful centripetal forces is nationalism, or identities based on nationhood.

These loyalties can lead to separatist movements. Nationalism can be a destabilizing force, especially if different ethnic groups within the country have more loyalty to their ethnicity than to the state or government. These loyalties can lead to separatist movements. Eastern Ukraine- Russian Separatists Basque Crash Course Nationalism- through 4:52 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nosq94oCl_M

The United Kingdom There are four ethnic identities within the United Kingdom, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The main element of distinct ethnicity comes from sports. Even though part of one country, each field their own teams for Soccer, Rugby etc. Ethnicities do not always find ways to live together peacefully.

Conflicts can arise when a country contains several ethnicities that vie for political control Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions? Ethnic Competition in Lebanon Diversity in Lebanon at the surface appears to be more religious than ethnic. Nearly all Lebanese Christians consider themselves ethnically descended from the ancient Phoenicians. Lebanon’s Muslims consider themselves Arabs. Lebanon has been severely damaged by fighting among religious factions since the 1970s. The precise distribution of religions in Lebanon is unknown, because no census has been taken since 1932. Current estimate is about 60 percent Muslim, 30 percent Christian, and 10 percent other. About 7 percent of the population is Druze. The Druze religion combines elements of Islam and Christianity. When Lebanon became independent in 1943, the constitution required that each religion be represented in the Chamber of Deputies according to its percentage in the 1932 census. Lebanon’s religious groups have tended to live in different regions of the country.

Lebanon’s Civil War By unwritten convention, the president of Lebanon was a Maronite Christian, the premier a Sunni Muslim, the speaker of the Chamber of Deputies a Shiite Muslim, and the foreign minister a Greek Orthodox Christian. When the governmental system was created, Christians constituted a majority and controlled the country’s main businesses, but as the Muslims became the majority, they demanded political and economic equality. A civil war broke out in 1975, and each religious group formed a private army or militia to guard its territory. Other cabinet members and civil servants were similarly apportioned among the various faiths. Syria, Israel, and the United States sent troops into Lebanon at various points to try to restore peace.

Ethnic Competition: Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka War broke out in 1983, lasted until 2009 with the defeat of the Tamils. Many of the underlying factors of the conflict- equal opportunity for Tamils- have still not been addressed. Sinhalese have dominated the government, military, and most commerce. Established Sinhala as the official language and Buddhism as the official state religion. Tamils feel discriminated against and would like to create an independent state in the north of the island. Fig. 7-18: The Sinhalese are mainly Buddhist and speak an Indo-European language, while the Tamils are mainly Hindu and speak a Dravidian language.

Conflicts can develop when an ethnicity is divided among more than one country The partition of South Asia into two states resulted in massive migration, because the two boundaries did not correspond precisely to the territory inhabited by the two ethnicities. Newly independent countries were often created to separate two ethnicities. However, two ethnicities can rarely be segregated completely. When the British ended their colonial rule of the Indian subcontinent in 1947, they divided the colony into two irregularly shaped countries: India and Pakistan. The basis for separating West and East Pakistan from India was ethnicity. Antagonism between the two religious groups was so great that the British decided to place the Hindus and Muslims in separate states. Hindus in Pakistan and Muslims in India were killed attempting to reach the other side of the new border by people from the rival religion. 15 minute history podcast http://15minutehistory.org/2013/04/17/episode-19-inside-the-indian-independence-movement/

FIGURE 7-31 ETHNIC DIVISION OF SOUTH ASIA In 1947, British India was partitioned into two independent states, India and Pakistan, which resulted in the migration of an estimated 17 million people. The creation of Pakistan as two territories nearly 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) apart proved unstable, and in 1971 East Pakistan became the independent country of Bangladesh.

Jammu and Kashmir Fig. 7-17: Although its population is mainly Muslim, much of Jammu and Kashmir became part of India in 1947. India and Pakistan have fought two wars over the territory, and there has been a separatist insurgency in the area.

FIGURE 7-34 ETHNICITIES IN WESTERN ASIA The complex distribution of ethnicities and nationalities across western Asia is a major source of conflict.

Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions? Dividing Ethnicities Dividing the Kurds among Nationalities Who are the Kurds? An Ethnicity without a Country= Stateless nation Today, Kurds are divided among several countries: eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, western Iran, and Syria. Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive Distributions? 1920 Treaty of Sévres giving Kurds a country was never ratified. Sunni Muslims Speak a language in the Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian Branch of Indo-European. Feature distinctive literature, dress, and cultural traditions. After WWI, the European allies demarcated land for the Kurds called Kurdistan. 1923 Treaty of Lausanne established modern state of Turkey and what would have been Kurdistan absorbed as part of Turkey. Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia Iraq ¾ of Iraqis are Arabs. 2/3 Shiite 1/3 Sunni 1/6 of Iraqis are Kurds. Most Iraqis have stronger loyalty to a tribe or clan than to a nationality or major ethnicity. Iran Most numerous ethnicity is Persian. Adheres to Shiite Islam Afghanistan Most numerous ethnicities include Pashtun, Tajik, and Hazara. Faction of Pashtun called the Taliban (meaning “religious students”) gained control over most of the country in 1995 and proceeded to rule with policies based on Islamic fundamentalism. Pakistan Most numerous ethnicity is Punjabi.

Which of the following ethnic groups has the least representation in Lebanon? Jews Christians Druze Shiites Sunnis

Which of the following ethnic groups has the least representation in Lebanon? Jews Christians Druze Shiites Sunnis Answer A Difficulty Level: 2 Text Reference: 7.3 U.S. Geography Standard: 9, 10, & 13 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome 7.12: Identify and describe the principle ethnicities in Lebanon. Explanation: Lebanon is divided among Christians, Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims, and Druze.

The conflict in Jammu and Kashmir pits East Pakistan against West Pakistan. India against Bangladesh. India against Pakistan. Sikhs against Hindus. Sinhalese against Tamils.

The conflict in Jammu and Kashmir pits East Pakistan against West Pakistan. India against Bangladesh. India against Pakistan. Sikhs against Hindus. Sinhalese against Tamils. Answer C Difficulty Level: 3 Text Reference: 7.3 U.S. Geography Standard: 9, 10 & 13 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Learning Outcome 7.15: Identify and describe the principle ethnicities in Western Asia. Explanation: Jammu and Kashmir are partitioned along the “Line of Control” by Pakistan and India.