1. Chapter 7
Ethnicity

2. Where are ethnicities distributed?
Key Issue #1
Where are ethnicities distributed?

3. Ethnicity Ethnicity = from the Greek ethnikos, meaning “national”
Ethnicities share a cultural identity with people from the same homeland
Ethnicities have distinctive cultural traits
Race = people who share a biological ancestor

4. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
Distribution of ethnicities in the United States
Hispanics (Latinos) = 15 percent of the U.S. population
African Americans = 13 percent of the U.S. population
Asian Americans = 4 percent of the U.S. population
American Indians = 1 percent of the U.S. population

5. Distribution of African Americans in the United States
Figure 7-1

6. Distribution of Hispanics in the United States
Figure 7-2

7. Distribution of Asian Americans in the United States
Figure 7-3

8. Distribution of American Indians in the United States
Figure 7-4

9. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
Concentration of ethnicities in U.S. cities
90 percent of African Americans and Hispanics live in cities
Remnants of twentieth-century European migration = still evident on the landscape
Example: clustering of restaurants in Little Italy, Greektown

10. Ethnicities in Chicago
Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.

11. Ethnicities in Los Angeles
Fig. 7-6: Hispanic, white, African American, and Asian areas in and around Los Angeles.

12. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
African American migration patterns
Three major migration patterns
Forced migration from Africa (eighteenth century)
The triangular slave trade
Immigration from the South to northern cities (first half of the twentieth century)
Identifiable paths of migration
Immigration out of inner cities to other urban areas (second half of the twentieth century to present)
The ghetto

13. Triangular Slave Pattern
Figure 7-7

14. African American Migration in the United States (Twentieth Century)
Figure 7-8

15. African Americans in Baltimore
Fig. 7-9: Areas with 90% African American population in Baltimore expanded from a core area northwest of downtown in the 1950s.

16. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?
Differentiating ethnicity and race
Often confusing
Race = traits that are shared genetically
Biological features within one racial group are highly variable
Biological classification of people into distinct racial groups is meaningless
Spatial effects of racism
“Separate but equal”
“White flight”
Blockbusting
Apartheid in South Africa

17. Black “Homelands” in South Africa
Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black “homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.

18. Apartheid
Figure 7-13

19. Why have ethnicities been transformed into nationalities?
Key Issue #2
Why have ethnicities been transformed into nationalities?

20. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities?
Rise of nationalities
Nationality: identity with a group of people who share a common allegiance to a particular country
From the Latin word nasci, which means “to have been born.”
Nation-state: a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
Examples
Denmark
Nation-states in Europe
Nationalism = loyalty and devotion to a nationality

21. Nation-states in Europe

22. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities?
Multinational states
Multiethnic state
A state with multiple ethnic groups, all of whom might contribute to a larger national identity
Example: the United States
Multinational state
A state with multiple ethnic groups who retain their own distinctive national identity
Example: the United Kingdom
Example: Russia (the largest multinational state)
Revival of ethnic identity

23. Republics of the Soviet Union
Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.

24. Ethnicities in Russia
Figure 7-12

25. Ethnicities in the Caucasus
Fig. 7-13: The Caucasus region is extremely diverse ethnically. Ethnic groups are spread across several national boundaries.

26. Why do ethnicities clash?
Key Issue #3
Why do ethnicities clash?

27. Why Do Ethnicities Clash?
Ethnic competition to dominate nationality
Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa
Ethiopia and Eritrea
Sudan
Somalia
Ethnic competition in Lebanon
Religious and ethnic differences

28. Ethnic Diversity in Eastern Africa
Figure 7-14

29. Ethnicities in Lebanon
Figure 7-15

30. Why Do Ethnicities Clash?
Dividing ethnicities among more than one state
Dividing ethnicities in South Asia
India and Pakistan
Kashmir
Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka

31. Ethnic Division in South Asia
Figure 7-16

32. Jammu and Kashmir
Fig. 7-17: Although its population is mainly Muslim, much of Jammu and Kashmir became part of India in India and Pakistan have fought two wars over the territory, and there has been a separatist insurgency in the area.

33. Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka
Fig. 7-18: The Sinhalese are mainly Buddhist and speak an Indo-European language, while the Tamils are mainly Hindu and speak a Dravidian language.

34. What is ethnic cleansing?
Key Issue #4
What is ethnic cleansing?

35. What Is Ethnic Cleansing?
Ethnic cleansing = process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful group from their territory
The purpose is not to subjugate, but to remove
Today, most ethnic cleansing happens in Europe and Africa

36. What Is Ethnic Cleansing?
Ethnic cleansing in Europe
Largest forced migration = 1939–1945
Jews, gypsies, and others forcibly removed by Nazis
The former Yugoslavia
Creation of multiethnic Yugoslavia
The breakup of Yugoslavia
Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia
Ethnic cleansing in Kosovo
Balkanization: the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

37. The Balkans in 1914
Figure 7-20

38. Forced Migrations after World War Two
Fig. 7-19: Territorial changes after World War II resulted in many migrations, especially by Poles, Germans, and Russians.

39. Ethnic Regions in Yugoslavia
Fig. 7-22: Yugoslavia’s six republics until 1992 included much ethnic diversity. Brutal ethnic cleansing occurred in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo during the civil wars of the 1990s.

40. What Is Ethnic Cleansing?
Ethnic cleansing in central Africa
Most boundaries in Africa do not correspond to ethnic groups
Conflict between Hutu and Tutsi destabilizes the region
Ethnic cleansing and genocide in Rwanda
Refugees spill into neighboring countries
Democratic Republic of Congo falls into civil war

41. Ethnicities in Africa
Fig. 7-23: The boundaries of African states do not (and cannot) coincide with the thousands of ethnic groups on the continent.

42. Ethnicities in Africa