Systematics in Biology Organization of biological diversity based upon taxonomy and evolutionary relationships

The 5 Kingdoms (old way) Problems – 2 very different types of bacteria and protista have no real common ancestors

3 Domains

Phylogenetics

Archea “old” bacteria (prokaryotic-anaerobic) No peptidoglycans in cell wall Ribosomes like eukaryotes Extremophiles Methanogens (guts, swamps) Halophiles (dead sea) Thermophiles (geysers) Acidophiles (stomach) Heliobacter pylori

Eubacteria (bacteria) Can be aerobic or anaerobic, can be heterotrophic or autotrophic Come in various shapes: cocci – round (streptococcus) bacilli – rod shaped (E. coli) spirilla – spiral (syphilis) Major groups Cyanobacteria – photosynthetic (first ones??) Chemoautotrophs – nitrifying NO2 -> NO3 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria – mutualistic with plant roots

Eukaryota Includes everything else!!!

Protista Algae-like Protophyta

Protophyta Euglena – has flagella and chloroplast Dinoflagellates – 2 flagella, red tide, brown tide (toxic), bioluminescent Diatoms – shells of SiO2 Green Algae (chlorophyta) uni/multi cellular, cell wall of cellulose, ancestor of modern plants? Brown Algae (phaeophyta) giant seaweeds, kelp forests Red Algae (rhodophyta)

Animal-like Protozoa

Protozoa Amoeboid – pseudopodia, phagocytosis Foraminifera – CaCO3 shells (indicate oil) Zooflagellates – digest wood in termite gut, trypanosoma (tse-tse fly- causes African sleeping sickness) Sporozoa – animal parasites (plasmodium) Ciliophora – ciliated like paramecium

Fungi-like Protomycota Cellular (plasmodial) slime molds – form spores like fungi

Fungi

Fungi Life-cycle

Mycorrhizae

Grows in filaments called hyphae Cell walls contain chitin Parasitic or saprophytic Secrete digestive enzymes into the environment which breakdown host cells and absorb nutrients Examples: bread mold (zygomycota) produces haploid zygospores which grow into filaments.\ Yeasts, mildews, truffles (ascomycota) Mushrooms (basidiomycota) Lichens (algae/fungus symbiosis) Mycorrhizae – fungi/plant root mutualism

Animalia Multicellular (differentiated), motile, heterotrophs that consume nutrients. Show symmetry Developed a coelom (body cavity) Show distinctive embryonic development Protostome Deuterostome Some developed segmentation Endo- and exo-skeleton development Developed complex organ systems

Symmetry Radial Bilateral

Coeloms

Embryonic Cleavage Protostomes include: mollusks annelids arthropods Deuterostomes echinoderms chordates

Porifera (Sponges)

Cnidaria (Hydra, Jellyfish) Polyp medusa

Platyhelmenthes (Flatworms) Planaria –primitive gut

Nematoda (Roundworms)

Rotifera

Mollusca

Annelida

Arthrodpoda

Echinodermata

Chordata