1. 0. Syllabus update: quiz tomorrow, microscope fun today 
Do Now 12/1
OBJECTIVES:
Observe & Identify cell structures found in prokaryotic and plant cells.
TASKS:
0. Syllabus update: quiz tomorrow, microscope fun today 
Classify the following organisms as prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
Apple tree, Duck, Mushroom, E. coli,
Thermus aquaticus (a unicellular organism that lives in very hot water near deep-sea vents.)

2. Prokaryotes: Simple, yet Diverse
Of the structures we have discussed, prokaryotes have ONLY:
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Flagella / cilia
Cell wall***
Prokaryotes contain NO internal membrane structures

3. Prokaryotes are Small
Prokaryotes are generally 10 to 100 times smaller than typical eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells have specialized compartments where required materials can be kept, while prokaryotes must depend on diffusion to get materials throughout the cytoplasm where they need to be.

4. Many Prokaryotes Have Cell Walls
Many prokaryotic cells have rigid cell walls for support and defense
Most are made of a glycoprotein (amino acids + sugars) called peptidoglycan, very different from the cellulose-based cell walls of plants.

5. Prokaryotes are Very Diverse
Biologists estimate that 98% of the different metabolic pathways in life occur in prokaryotes.
In other words, if every single species of eukaryote went extinct, 98% of the reactions done by cells on Earth would remain.
Prokaryotes have been found in EVERY terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem of Earth, without exception.
Some prokaryotes can live in very difficult environments, from the Dead Sea to deep underground, to boiling hot springs.

6. Why 3 Domains? Differences between Bacteria And Archaea
Although both are groups of unicellular prokaryotes, there are some crucial biochemical differences that make them distinct:
Archaeans have unique membrane phospholipids
Archaean ribosomes and other RNA molecules are more similar to eukaryotes than bacteria
Archaean cell walls (if present) have different structures than bacteria or eukaryotes

7. Plant Cells
Plants are multicellular eukaryotes, and typically contain the following parts that animal cells lack:
Chloroplasts / plastids
Large, central vacuoles
Cell walls (cellulose)

8. Chloroplasts Absorb Light Energy… But NOT Green Light!

9. Free-living chloroplasts? Not quite…
Cyanobacterium
(prokaryote)
Chloroplast
(from eukaryotic
plant cell)

10. Other Plastids

11. What else is so special about plant cells?
Large, Central
Vacuoles
can take up most of
The cell!
It stores water,
And some minerals

12. Anything Else? Yup – The Cell Wall
SUPER IMPORTANT: Cell wall
**not in animal cells**
Structure: Hard outer covering made of cellulose fibers
Function: provides support and strength to plant cells
Think wood.

13. When you hear “Plant Cell Wall,” think Cellulose!

14. Fungi: The other Multicellular Heterotrophs
Generally, fungal cells are more similar to animal cells than other cell types.
The most important difference is the presence of cell walls made of chitin, a polysaccharide.

15. Fungal Diversity
There is great variation in kingdom fungi, ranging from the smallest eukaryotes to the largest…

17. Recap:
Prokaryotes (Superdomain) are small and simple: they contain NO internal organelles with membranes; everything happens right in the cytoplasm. Many have peptidoglycan cell walls. This group include domains bacteria and archaea.
Plant cells (Kingdom Plantae) contain several unique features: chloroplasts, large vacuoles, and a cellulose cell wall. They are autotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes
Fungi and Animal cells are similar in many ways, but the biggest distinction is that most fungi have chitin cell walls, which animals lack
Protist cells are generally unicellular eukaryotes of great diversity

18. Phylogeny to know on The SATII
3 Domains vs. 5 kingdoms
In the 5-kingdom system, prokaryotes of all types are in kingdom monera, which is divided into phylum bacteria and phylum archaea.
4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms (plant, animal, fungi, protist)
3 Domains (Modern)
5 kingdoms (traditional)
Bacteria (Prok.)
Monera (Bacteria + Archaea)
Archaea (Prok.)
Plantae
Eukaryota
Animalia
Fungi
Protista

19. Plant Phylogeny: 4 big groups
Non-vascular seedless plants (bryophyta)
Mosses, etc. Spore-formers
Seedless vascular plants
Incl. Pterophyta (ferns). Spore-formers
Gymnosperms (flowerless seed plants)
Incl. Coniferophyta (conifers w/ cones)
ANGIOSPERMS (flowering plants)
Monocots & dicots

20. Animal Phylogeny: “The Big 9” Phyla
Animal Phyla: “Big 9” contain 95%+ of known animal species
Porifera (sponges)
Cnidaria (jellies)
Platyhelmenthes (flatworms)
Nematoda (roundworms)
Annelida (segmented worms)
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata (starfish)
Chordata (incl. vertebrates)

21. Kingdom Fungi Not much phylogeny to know for the SAT II here.
Most are multicellular (exception = yeast)
Heterotrophic, chitin cell walls
Decomposers

22. Animal-like Protists: Protozoa
Amoebas (phylum Rhizopoda)
Sporozoans (phylum Apicomplexia): parasites
Cilliates (phylum Ciliophora) incl. paramecia

23. Plant-like Protists: Algae
May be unicellular or multicellular, but lack specialized tissues found in plants.
Euglenoids (phylum Euglenaphyta): unicellular flagellates
Brown Algae (phylum Phaeophyta): multicellular seaweed, incl. kelp
Green Algae (phylum Chlorophyta): ancestors of land plants

24. Fungi-like Protists: Slime Molds
Plasmodial slimes (phylum Myxomycota): single multinucleate cell, spore-former.
Cellular slimes (phylum Acrasiomycota): congregation of amoeba-like protists, spore-former.

25. Notable Vertebrates
Notable Classes & Superclasses in Phylum Chordata (All are in subphylum vertebrata – w/ backbones)
Agnatha (jawless fish)
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
Osteichthyes (bony fish)
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves (birds)
Mammalia