Hydrologic Simulation Models Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis, Chapter 5 CEVE 412 Dr. Phil Bedient

Introduction to Hydrologic Models Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis, Chapter 5.1 Introduction to Hydrologic Models

Factors in Hydrographs In order to create an accurate model one first needs to understand all of the relevant factors in the watershed.

History of Computer Models Harvard, Stanford, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers pioneered hydrologic computer modeling. The first available model was: Hydrologic Simulation Program – FORTRAN (HSPF) 1970s Increasing interest in water quality spurred more models.

History of Computer Models Breakdown of computer modeling software packages.

Steps in Watershed Modeling Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis, Chapter 5.2 Steps in Watershed Modeling

Steps in Watershed Modeling 1. Select model based on study objectives and watershed characteristics, availability of data, and project budget. 2. Obtain all necessary input data—rainfall data, digital topography, land use and soils, infiltration, channel characteristics, streamflow data, design floods, and reservoir data. 3. Evaluate and refine study objectives in terms of simulations to be performed under various watershed conditions.

Steps in Watershed Modeling 4. Choose methods for determining subbasin hydrographs and channel routing. 5. Calibrate model using historical rainfall, streamflow, and existing watershed conditions. Verify model using other events under different conditions while maintaining same calibration parameters.

Steps in Watershed Modeling 6. Perform model simulations using historical or design rainfall, various conditions of land use, and various control schemes for reservoirs, channels, or diversions, to the extent possible. 7. Perform sensitivity analysis on input rainfall, routing parameters, and hydrograph parameters as necessary. 8. Evaluate usefulness of the model and comment on needed changes or modifications.

Description of Major Hydrologic Models Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis, Chapter 5.3 Description of Major Hydrologic Models

Selected Simulation Models

HEC-HMS

HEC-RAS

SWMM

HEC-HMS Flood Hydrograph Theory Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis, Chapter 5.4 HEC-HMS Flood Hydrograph Theory http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/maidment/ce374k/hmsintro/hmsintro.htm

HEC-HMS Model Configuration

Capabilities of HEC-HMS Simulation of watershed runoff and streamflow. Determination of flood flows at various locations. Evaluation of land use or topographic changes. Simulation of flood control measures. Computation of damage frequency curves.

Watershed Delineation and Organization HEC-HMS uses parameters averaged in space and time to simulate the runoff process. Each watershed is divided into relatively small homogeneous subbasins because of the limitations of UH theory. 1-10 mi2 per subbasin

Precipitation P is computed for each of those subbasins from either historical or synthetic storms. Can be input in many different forms: Incremental P for a time in each subbasin Total cumulative P and time distribution Historical gage data and areal weighting (Thiessen) coefficients for each subbasin HEC-HMS can also do snowfall and snowmelt.

Example Watershed in HEC- HMS with precipitation

Loss Methods Initial and Constant HEC exponential SCS Curve Number Holtan Method Green and Ampt Deficit/Constant Soil Moisture Accounting http://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/unit/text.php?unit=8&secNum=3

Subbasin Runoff Calculation Clark hydrograph method (TC&R method) Snyder unit hydrograph method SCS method (CN method + SCS UH) Kinematic wave for overland hydrograph ModClark User-specified S-graph http://fingerlakesapp.com/post/fall_foliage_on_keuka_lake_outlet_trail

Family of 1hr UHs The larger the TC value the flatter the UH response. 80% Devel. SCS curve # 94 The larger the TC value the flatter the UH response.

Baseflow Calculation Three parameters: Q0 flow in channel prior to start of rising limb Ratio of recession flows at t=1 (RTIOR) QR recession threshold Q0 = starting baseflow Q = baseflow rate at end of nΔT RTIOR = ratio of recession flows at t =1 hr increment apart.

Baseflow Calculation For urban channels it can work to just use a low constant value. http://www.houstonarchitecture.com/haif/topic/23680-brays-bayou-construction/ Brays Bayou, Houston

Flood Routing Flood routing analyzes the movement of a flood wave as it travels from reach to reach through a stream or river. Methods for Flood Routing in HEC-HMS Muskingum Modified Puls Kinematic Wave Muskingum – Cunge 8-point Lag

Application of HEC-HMS Watersheds Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis, Chapter 5.5 Application of HEC-HMS Watersheds

History of HEC-HMS HEC-1 Watershed Hydrology (1981) There has since been HEC-2, HEC-3, HEC-4 There have been numerous other HEC releases. HEC-HMS, HEC-RAS, HEC-GeoRAS, HEC-SSP, HEC-RPT, HEC-ResSim, HEC-ResPRM, HEC-EFM, HEC-FDA, HEC-DSS HEC-HMS (1998, 2006, 2010) Major releases: 1998, 2006, 2010

HEC – HMS Projects A project consists of three separate parts: The Basin model The meteorological model The control specifications

Basin Model

Draw Basin Model

Define Rainfall – Met Model Hyetograph OR… Design Storm

Define Subbasin Parameters Infiltration (Loss) Unit Hydrograph

Can Add Reservoirs

Can Add Diversions

Control Specs and Run Model Summary of Results   1 2 3

HMS Results Detention Pond A Subbasin

Outlet Results

Control Specifications

HEC – HMS Results Result data for every object can be obtained. Example Output Hydrograph