Evolutionary Developments

Considerable overlap between men & women

Gray Matter: Neuronal Cell Bodies White Matter: Axons, Myelin Figure 3.9a Horizontal section through the cerebral hemispheres at the level indicated at upper right. White matter is composed of myelinated axons, and gray matter is composed primarily of neurons. This diagram shows that the gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres forms a continuous sheet that is heavily folded.

Figure 3.9b High-resolution structural MRI in a similar plane of section in a living human. This T2 image was obtained on a 4-tesla scanner (a high-magnetic-field scanner) using a 512 by 512 matrix for acquisition. Note that on T2 images the white matter appears darker than the gray matter. The skull and scalp can be seen here but are not shown in (a).

Corpus Callosum Bundle of fibers connecting the two hemispheres

Agenesis of Corpus Callosum

Ventricles Page 72 Ventricles of the human brain. (a) Midsagittal view. (b) Three-dimensional view.

Ventricles

Ventricles in Zika-infected Babies http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/24/health/zika-a-formidable-enemy-attacks-and-destroys-parts-of-babies-brains.html

Frames of Reference

Figure 3.8b Lateral view of the left hemisphere (a) and dorsal view of the cerebral cortex (b) in humans. The major features of the cortex include the four cortical lobes and various key gyri. Gyri are separated by sulci and result from the folding of the cerebral cortex that occurs during development of the nervous system, to achieve an economy of size.

Figure 2.16 Midline and Basal Structures of the Brain (Part 2) MM1e-Fig-02-16-2R.jpg

Sections Coronal Saggittal: Axial:

Figure 2.15 Inside the Brain MM1e-Fig-02-15-0.jpg

Meninges

Cells of the Brain

GLIA Figure 2.7 Various types of glial cells in the mammalian central and peripheral nervous systems. An astrocyte is shown with end feet attached to a blood vessel. Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells produce myelin around the axons of neurons—oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system, and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. A microglial cell is also shown.

Figure 2.5 Glial Cells (Part 2) MM1e-Fig-02-05-2R.jpg

Figure 2.5 Glial Cells (Part 1) MM1e-Fig-02-05-1R.jpg

NEURON Figure 2.1 Mammalian neuron showing the cell body (soma) in the center surrounded by dendrites. The axon is visible as a hair-thin line emerging from the lower right quadrant of the soma and trailing off to the right of the image. This image shows a neuron expressing transferrin (TfR) receptor, a dendritic protein, tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) (green); TfR was produced in the cell body and transported to the dendrites. The red stain is anti-TfR, which distinguishes another source of TfR. Staining for MAP2, a dendrite-specific cytoskeletal protein, is blue. Though similar to the idealized neuron in Figure 2.2, this neuron has a relatively large dendritic field compared to its soma.

Figure 2.1 The Major Parts of the Neuron MM1e-Fig-02-01-0R.jpg

Figure 2.3 Neurons Are Classified into Three Principle Types MM1e-Fig-02-03-0R.jpg

Structure of the Neuron )

Figure 3.8b Lateral view of the left hemisphere (a) and dorsal view of the cerebral cortex (b) in humans. The major features of the cortex include the four cortical lobes and various key gyri. Gyri are separated by sulci and result from the folding of the cerebral cortex that occurs during development of the nervous system, to achieve an economy of size.

Figure 3.8a Lateral view of the left hemisphere (a) and dorsal view of the cerebral cortex (b) in humans. The major features of the cortex include the four cortical lobes and various key gyri. Gyri are separated by sulci and result from the folding of the cerebral cortex that occurs during development of the nervous system, to achieve an economy of size.

1. Landmarks

Neo=Red; Meso=Blue; Allo=Green

Neocortex has 6 layers

Allo has 3; Meso has 3-6

3. Brodmann’s Areas Cytoarchitecture

Maps boundary between different functions

Functions of Cortex

Figure 3.17 Primary sensory and motor cortex and surrounding association cortex. The blue regions show the primary cortical receiving areas of the ascending sensory pathways and the primary output region to the spinal cord. The secondary sensory and motor areas are colored red. The remainder is considered association cortex.

Frontal Lobe Functional Anatomy

Parietal Lobe Functional Anatomy

Dorsal “Where” Pathway

Occipital Lobe Functional Anatomy

Primary Visual Cortex: Conscious Seeing

Blindsight

Temporal Lobe

Ventral “What” Pathway

Subcortical Structures Limbic System Basal Ganglion Diencephalon

Figure 2.14 Two Important Brain Systems MM1e-Fig-02-14-0.jpg

The Limbic System

The Diencephalon



Figure 2.16 Midline and Basal Structures of the Brain (Part 1) MM1e-Fig-02-16-1R.jpg