1. Chapter 12 Self Assessment Part 1

2. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Brain consists of four divisions, each distinct in type of input it receives and where it sends its output: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Figure Divisions of the brain (lateral view).
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3. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Brain consists of four divisions, each distinct in type of input it receives and where it sends its output:
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Figure Divisions of the brain (lateral view).
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4. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
__________ – enlarged superior portion of brain; divided into left and right ________________
Each cerebral hemisphere is further divided into _____ lobes containing groups of neurons that perform specific tasks
Responsible for _________________________________________________________
Performs major roles in _________ and __________ as well
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5. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Cerebrum – enlarged superior portion of brain; divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres
Each cerebral hemisphere is further divided into five lobes containing groups of neurons that perform specific tasks
Responsible for higher mental function such as learning, memory, personality, cognition (thinking), language, and conscience
Performs major roles in sensation and movement as well
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6. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
_________ – deep underneath cerebral hemispheres; central core of brain
Consists of four distinct structural and functional parts
Responsible for ______, ________, and _________ information to different parts of brain, homeostatic functions, regulation of movement, and biological rhythms
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7. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Diencephalon – deep underneath cerebral hemispheres; central core of brain
Consists of four distinct structural and functional parts
Responsible for processing, integrating, and relaying information to different parts of brain, homeostatic functions, regulation of movement, and biological rhythms
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8. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
_________ – posterior and inferior portion of brain
Divided into left and right hemispheres
Heavily involved in ________ and ________________, especially complex activities such as playing a sport or an instrument
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9. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Cerebellum – posterior and inferior portion of brain
Divided into left and right hemispheres
Heavily involved in planning and coordination of movement, especially complex activities such as playing a sport or an instrument
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10. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
___________ – connects brain to spinal cord
Involved in basic _______ homeostatic functions
Control of certain reflexes
Monitoring ___________
__________ and __________ information to other parts of nervous system
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11. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Brainstem – connects brain to spinal cord
Involved in basic involuntary homeostatic functions
Control of certain reflexes
Monitoring movement
Integrating and relaying information to other parts of nervous system
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12. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
_______________– found in both brain and spinal cord; consists of myelinated axons
Each lobe of cerebrum contains bundles of white matter called _____; receives input from and sends output to clusters of cell bodies and dendrites in cerebral gray matter called _______ (Figure 12.2a)
Spinal cord contains white matter tracts that shuttle information processed by nuclei in spinal gray matter (Figure 12.2b)
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13. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
White matter – found in both brain and spinal cord; consists of myelinated axons
Each lobe of cerebrum contains bundles of white matter called tracts; receives input from and sends output to clusters of cell bodies and dendrites in cerebral gray matter called nuclei (Figure 12.2a)
Spinal cord contains white matter tracts that shuttle information processed by nuclei in spinal gray matter (Figure 12.2b)
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14. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
_______– found in both brain and spinal cord; consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
Outer few millimeters of cerebrum is gray matter; deeper portions of brain are mostly ________with some _____ matter scattered throughout
Spinal cord is mostly gray matter that _________ information (in cord center); surrounded by tracts of white matter (outside); __________to and from brain
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15. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Gray matter – found in both brain and spinal cord; consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
Outer few millimeters of cerebrum is gray matter; deeper portions of brain are mostly white matter with some gray matter scattered throughout
Spinal cord is mostly gray matter that processes information (in cord center); surrounded by tracts of white matter (outside); relays information to and from brain
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16. Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Figure White and gray matter in the CNS.
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17. Overview of CNS Development
Figure Development of the brain.
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18. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
_____________ – structure responsible for higher mental functions (Figures 12.4–12.9, Table 12.1)
Gross anatomical features of cerebrum include:
_______ – shallow grooves on surface of cerebrum; ________ – elevated ridges found between sulci; together increase surface area of brain; maximizing limited space within confines of skull; example of Structure-Function Core Principle .
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19. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cerebrum
Cerebrum – structure responsible for higher mental functions (Figures 12.4–12.9, Table 12.1)
Gross anatomical features of cerebrum include:
Sulci – shallow grooves on surface of cerebrum; gyri – elevated ridges found between sulci; together increase surface area of brain; maximizing limited space within confines of skull; example of Structure-Function Core Principle
Figure Structure of the cerebrum.
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20. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cerebrum
Gross anatomical features (continued):
_________ – deep grooves found on surface of cerebrum
____________ fissure – long deep groove that separates left and right cerebral hemispheres
A cavity is found deep within each cerebral hemisphere; right hemisphere surrounds right lateral ventricle; left hemisphere surrounds left lateral ventricle
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21. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cerebrum
Gross anatomical features (continued):
Fissures – deep grooves found on surface of cerebrum
Longitudinal fissure – long deep groove that separates left and right cerebral hemispheres
A cavity is found deep within each cerebral hemisphere; right hemisphere surrounds right lateral ventricle; left hemisphere surrounds left lateral ventricle
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22. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cerebrum
Figure 12.4b Structure of the cerebrum.
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23. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cerebrum
Five lobes are found in each hemisphere of cerebrum (Figure 12.4): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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24. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cerebrum
Five lobes are found in each hemisphere of cerebrum (Figure 12.4):
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Insula
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25. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cerebrum
Five lobes of cerebrum (continued):
Frontal lobes – most anterior lobes
Posterior border – called central sulcus; sits just behind precentral gyrus
Neurons in these lobes are responsible for planning and executing movement and complex mental functions such as behavior, conscience, and personality
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26. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cerebrum
Five lobes of cerebrum (continued):
Parietal lobes – just posterior to frontal lobes
Contains postcentral gyrus posterior to central sulcus
Neurons in these lobes are responsible for processing and integrating sensory information and function in attention
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27. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cerebrum
Five lobes of cerebrum (continued):
Temporal lobes – form lateral surfaces of each cerebral hemisphere
Separated from parietal and frontal lobes by lateral fissure
Neurons in these lobes are involved in hearing, language, memory, and emotions
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28. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cerebrum
Five lobes of cerebrum (continued):
Occipital lobes make up posterior aspect of each cerebral hemisphere
Separated from parietal lobe by parieto-occipital sulcus
Neurons in these lobes process all information related to vision
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29. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cerebrum
Five lobes of cerebrum (continued):
Insulas – deep underneath lateral fissures; neurons in these lobes are currently thought to be involved in functions related to taste and viscera (internal organs)
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30. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Gray Matter: _______________– functionally most complex part of cortex; covers underlying cerebral hemispheres
Most of cerebral cortex is neocortex (most recently evolved region of brain); has a huge surface area
Composed of 6 layers (of neurons and neuroglia) of variable widths (Figure 12.5)
All neurons in cortex are interneurons
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31. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex – functionally most complex part of cortex; covers underlying cerebral hemispheres
Most of cerebral cortex is neocortex (most recently evolved region of brain); has a huge surface area
Composed of 6 layers (of neurons and neuroglia) of variable widths (Figure 12.5)
All neurons in cortex are interneurons
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32. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex (continued):
Functions of neocortex revolve around conscious processes such as planning movement, interpreting incoming sensory information, and complex higher functions
Neocortex is divided into three areas: _____________,_________________,_______________
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33. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex (continued):
Functions of neocortex revolve around conscious processes such as planning movement, interpreting incoming sensory information, and complex higher functions
Neocortex is divided into three areas: primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortices, and association areas (next slide)
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34. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex (continued):
Neocortex is divided into three areas: primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortices, and association areas (continued):
_______________– plans and executes movement
___________________– first regions to receive and process sensory input
__________________integrate different types of information:
________ areas integrate one specific type of information
________ areas integrate information from multiple different sources and carry out many higher mental functions
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35. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex (continued):
Neocortex is divided into three areas: primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortices, and association areas (continued):
Primary motor cortex – plans and executes movement
Primary sensory cortices – first regions to receive and process sensory input
Association areas integrate different types of information:
Unimodal areas integrate one specific type of information
Multimodal areas integrate information from multiple different sources and carry out many higher mental functions
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36. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Figure Structure of the cerebral cortex (left hemisphere, lateral view).
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37. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
_____________– most are located in _______ lobe; contain upper motor neurons which are interneurons that connect to other neurons (not skeletal muscle)
_______________; involved in conscious planning of movement; located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
Upper motor neurons of each cerebral hemisphere control motor activity of opposite side of body via PNS neurons called _______ motor neurons; execute order to move
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38. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Motor areas – most are located in frontal lobe; contain upper motor neurons which are interneurons that connect to other neurons (not skeletal muscle)
Primary motor cortex; involved in conscious planning of movement; located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
Upper motor neurons of each cerebral hemisphere control motor activity of opposite side of body via PNS neurons called lower motor neurons; execute order to move
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39. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Movement requires input from many motor association areas such as large ____________located anterior to primary motor cortex
Motor association areas are unimodal areas involved in planning, guidance, coordination, and execution of movement
Frontal eye fields – paired motor association areas; one on each side of brain anterior to premotor cortex; involved in back and forth eye movements as in reading
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40. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Movement requires input from many motor association areas such as large premotor cortex located anterior to primary motor cortex
Motor association areas are unimodal areas involved in planning, guidance, coordination, and execution of movement
Frontal eye fields – paired motor association areas; one on each side of brain anterior to premotor cortex; involved in back and forth eye movements as in reading
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41. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices
Two main somatosensory areas in cerebral cortex; deal with somatic senses; information about temperature, touch, vibration, pressure, stretch, and joint position
_______________(S1) – in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
______________(S2) – posterior to S1
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42. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices
Two main somatosensory areas in cerebral cortex; deal with somatic senses; information about temperature, touch, vibration, pressure, stretch, and joint position
Primary somatosensory area (S1) – in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
Somatosensory association cortex (S2) – posterior to S1
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43. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices (continued):
Special senses – touch, vision, hearing, smell, and taste each have a primary and a unimodal association area as does sense of equilibrium (balance); found in all lobes of cortex except frontal lobe
_______________-– at posterior end of occipital lobe; first area to receive visual input; transferred to visual association area which processes color, object movement, and depth
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44. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices (continued):
Special senses – touch, vision, hearing, smell, and taste each have a primary and a unimodal association area as does sense of equilibrium (balance); found in all lobes of cortex except frontal lobe
Primary visual cortex – at posterior end of occipital lobe; first area to receive visual input; transferred to visual association area which processes color, object movement, and depth
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45. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices (continued):
Special senses (continued):
Primary auditory cortex – in superior _________ lobe; first to receive auditory information; input is transferred to nearby auditory ________ cortex and other multimodal association areas for further processing
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46. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices (continued):
Special senses (continued):
Primary auditory cortex – in superior temporal lobe; first to receive auditory information; input is transferred to nearby auditory association cortex and other multimodal association areas for further processing
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47. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices (continued):
Special senses (continued):
_________ cortex – taste information processing; scattered throughout both insula and parietal lobes
Vestibular areas – deal with _________ and positional sensations; located in parietal and temporal lobes
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48. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices (continued):
Special senses (continued):
Gustatory cortex – taste information processing; scattered throughout both insula and parietal lobes
Vestibular areas – deal with equilibrium and positional sensations; located in parietal and temporal lobes
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49. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices (continued):
Special senses (continued):
_______ cortex – processes sense of smell; in evolutionarily older regions of brain; consists of several areas in limbic and medial temporal lobes
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50. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Sensory Cortices (continued):
Special senses (continued):
Olfactory cortex – processes sense of smell; in evolutionarily older regions of brain; consists of several areas in limbic and medial temporal lobes
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51. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Figure Structure of the cerebral cortex (left hemisphere, lateral view).
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52. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Multimodal association areas – regions of cortex that allow us to perform complex mental functions:
Language – processed in two areas of cortex:
_____________area – in anterolateral frontal lobe; premotor area responsible for ability to produce speech sounds
____________ area (integrative speech area) – in temporal and parietal lobes; responsible for ability to understand language
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53. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Multimodal association areas – regions of cortex that allow us to perform complex mental functions:
Language – processed in two areas of cortex:
Broca’s area – in anterolateral frontal lobe; premotor area responsible for ability to produce speech sounds
Wernicke’s area (integrative speech area) – in temporal and parietal lobes; responsible for ability to understand language
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54. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Multimodal association areas (continued):
____________ cortex occupies most of frontal lobe; communicates with diencephalon, other regions of cerebral gray matter, and association areas located in other lobes; many functions including modulating behavior, personality, learning, memory, and an individual’s personality state
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55. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Multimodal association areas (continued):
Prefrontal cortex occupies most of frontal lobe; communicates with diencephalon, other regions of cerebral gray matter, and association areas located in other lobes; many functions including modulating behavior, personality, learning, memory, and an individual’s personality state
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56. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Multimodal association areas (continued):
________ and ____________ association areas – occupy most of their respective lobes; perform multiple functions including integration of sensory information, language, maintaining attention, recognition, and spatial awareness
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57. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Multimodal association areas (continued):
Parietal and temporal association areas – occupy most of their respective lobes; perform multiple functions including integration of sensory information, language, maintaining attention, recognition, and spatial awareness
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58. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Basal nuclei, found deep within each cerebral hemisphere; cluster of neuron cell bodies, involved in movement; separated from diencephalon by a region of white matter called internal capsule; includes (Figure 12.6): 1. 2. 3.
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59. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Basal nuclei, found deep within each cerebral hemisphere; cluster of neuron cell bodies, involved in movement; separated from diencephalon by a region of white matter called internal capsule; includes (Figure 12.6):
Caudate nuclei
Putamen
Globus pallidus
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60. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Basal nuclei (continued):
____________ – C-shaped rings of gray matter; lateral to lateral ventricle of each hemisphere with anteriorly oriented tail
_________ – posterior and inferior to caudate nucleus; connected to caudate nucleus by small bridges of gray matter; combination of putamen and caudate are sometimes called ________________
______________-sits medial to putamen; contains more myelinated fibers than other regions
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61. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Basal nuclei (continued):
Caudate nuclei – C-shaped rings of gray matter; lateral to lateral ventricle of each hemisphere with anteriorly oriented tail
Putamen – posterior and inferior to caudate nucleus; connected to caudate nucleus by small bridges of gray matter; combination of putamen and caudate are sometimes called corpus striatum
Globus pallidus sits medial to putamen; contains more myelinated fibers than other regions
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62. The Cerebrum-Gray Matter
Figure Structure of the basal nuclei (anterolateral view).
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63. The Cerebrum-White Matter
Cerebral white matter can be classified as one of three types (Figure 12.7):
______________– connect right and left hemispheres; corpus callosum, largest of four groups in this category, lies in middle of brain at base of longitudinal fissure
_____________ – connect cerebral cortex of one hemisphere with other areas of same hemisphere, other parts of brain, and spinal cord; corona radiata are fibers that spread out in a radiating pattern; condense around diencephalon to form two V-shaped bands called internal capsules
______________– restricted to a single hemisphere; connect gray matter of cortical gyri with one another
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64. The Cerebrum-White Matter
Cerebral white matter can be classified as one of three types (Figure 12.7):
Commissural fibers – connect right and left hemispheres; corpus callosum, largest of four groups in this category, lies in middle of brain at base of longitudinal fissure
Projection fibers – connect cerebral cortex of one hemisphere with other areas of same hemisphere, other parts of brain, and spinal cord; corona radiata are fibers that spread out in a radiating pattern; condense around diencephalon to form two V-shaped bands called internal capsules
Association fibers – restricted to a single hemisphere; connect gray matter of cortical gyri with one another
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65. The Cerebrum-White Matter
Figure Structure of cerebral white matter.
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